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</div> </div> <div class=”article-print” id=”printButton” title=”Print this article”> <span class=”o-normalise-visually-hidden”>Print</span> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/foicon-v1_print.png” alt=””> </div> <script> document.getElementById(‘printButton’).addEventListener(‘click’, function () { window.print(); // Trigger the browser’s print functionality }); </script> </div> <div class=”content-row”> <div class=”entry-meta”> <div id=”vAuthorimg” class=”author-img “> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/gary-grappo”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Gary-grappo-2.jpg” /></a> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Atul-Singh.jpg” /></a> </div> <div id=”vAuthor” class=”date-author-single-post list-date-author-single-post”> <div class=”byline-single-post”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/gary-grappo”> Gary Grappo </a> & <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh”> Atul Singh </a> </div> <div class=”posted-on-single-post”> August 24, 2024 03:16 </div> <!– <span class=”byline-single-post”> </span> –> </div> </div> </div> <!– <p class=”post_content”>The United States’ role in the Middle East took a turn in the early 2000s after the Bush administration’s War on Terror. The disastrous US invasion of Iraq changed the public perception of the US’ role. While the Obama administration attempted to pivot to Asia, the 2011 Arab Spring, the Syrian Civil War and the ISIS emergency required reentry. At the same time, the domestic fracking boom brought some self-sufficiency in terms of fossil fuels.<a href=”#” style=”color:blue”><a href=””>Read more…</a></p> –> <p class=”post_content”> </p> <div class=”post_content”> <div class=”short-content”> <!– <p> In the early 2000s, the United States’ hegemonic position in the Middle East changed. The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union eliminated the need to contain communist influence and decreased the urgency of…</p> –> </div> <div class=”full-content”> <p> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p><em>[See also: </em><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-1/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>FO° Talks: America’s New Fast-Changing Role in the Middle East, Part 1</em></a><em>]</em></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>In the early 2000s, the United States’ hegemonic position in the Middle East changed. The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union eliminated the need to contain communist influence and decreased the urgency of refereeing regional disagreements and addressing the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>However, the Middle East came sharply into focus when the Sunni extremist group al-Qaeda orchestrated the 9/11 terrorist attacks on US soil, killing 2,977. The George W. Bush administration declared a “War on Terror,” training its guns not only on groups like al-Qaeda but also states like Baathist dictator Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Claiming that Saddam was hiding weapons of mass destruction, the US invaded Iraq in 2003 and toppled his regime.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>With the invasion, the generally successful half-century of US foreign policy in the Middle East that had begun with the 1953 Iranian coup d’état came to a close. The US found itself mired in a destabilized Iraq, unable to pull out as the newly installed democratic government could not combat Islamist insurgencies on its own.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:heading –><br />
<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Disengagement and reengagement</h2><br />
<!– /wp:heading –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>The Barack Obama administration attempt to reduce Middle East involvement and “pivot towards Asia.” The rise of the brutal and initially successful Sunni terrorist group ISIS, the 2011 Arab Spring and the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War prevented the US from disengaging. Obama did make progress by striking a deal with Iran, agreeing to lift financial sanctions in exchange for the cessation of the Islamic republic’s nuclear program. However, Obama’s successor Donald Trump later scrapped the deal.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>Despite these setbacks, the US succeeded in protecting its interests while attempting to resolve regional wars and the enduring Arab–Israeli conflict. The Trump administration brokered the Abraham Accords in which Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) normalized ties with Israel. Morocco soon followed suit. Saudi Arabia also entered negotiations with Israel, but the prospect of normalization has stalled following the October 7, 2023, Hamas attack on Israel and the subsequent Israeli invasion of Gaza. Since the war broke out, the US has seen decreased popularity among Arab populations as they blamed the hegemonic power for backing up what they saw as Zionist aggression in Palestine. However, a bilateral security agreement between the US and Saudi Arabia remains possible.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>In recent years, the US reduced its dependency on the US by exploiting its own fossil fuel reserves. The US is rich in oil and natural gas, but they are usually in a form that requires more effort to extract than in the Middle East. Fracking and other technological advancements helped close this gap. However, Saudi Arabia continues to be the biggest figure in oil production till the present day.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>The region continues to evolve. Gone is the binary US–Soviet dynamic and gone, too, is unipolar US preponderance. More independent actors like China, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the UAE now shape the region. China, heavily reliant on Middle Eastern oil, is increasing its economic and political presence.</p><p>Domestically, American attitudes toward the Middle East are also in flux. Younger Americans are growing more critical of Israel. Having grown up during the Iraq War, this generation is leery of US involvement in the region. For now, though, the US continues to prioritize regional stability, oil price stability and containment of Iranian influence in its Middle East policy.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/tara-mahmood-yarwais-366350211″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Tara Yarwais</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> </p> </div> </div> <!– <p id=”read_more”>Read More..</p> –> </div> </div> <div class=”comments-wrapper”> <div class=”headline hide-on-print border-bottom marb30″><h2>Comment</h2></div><br />
<div id=”comments” class=”comments-area default-max-width show-avatars”> <div id=”respond” class=”comment-respond”> <h2 id=”reply-title” class=”comment-reply-title”>Leave a comment <small><a rel=”nofollow” id=”cancel-comment-reply-link” href=”/video/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2/#respond” style=”display:none;”>Cancel reply</a></small></h2><p class=”must-log-in”>You must be <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fvideo%2Ffo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2%2F”>logged in</a> to post a comment.</p> </div><!– #respond –> </div><!– #comments –> </div> <div class=”most-popular mart50″> <div class=”related_post_data”> <div class=”headline hide-on-print border-bottom marb30″><h2>Related Reading</h2></div> <article class=”border-bottom” itemscope itemtype=”http://schema.org/Article”> <div class=”fo-post-content”> <h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/can-biden-clean-up-trumps-iran-nuclear-deal-mess-now/”> Can Biden Clean Up Trump’s Iran Nuclear Deal Mess Now? </a> </h2> <p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”> Bent on a harsh anti-Iranian policy, Donald Trump blew up the nuclear deal that his predecessor Barack Obama had signed… </p> <span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/bob-dreyfuss”>Bob Dreyfuss</a>, <span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished” content=”April 26, 2024″> April 26, 2024 </span> </span> </div> <div class=”fo-post-img”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/can-biden-clean-up-trumps-iran-nuclear-deal-mess-now/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Flag-200×140.webp” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”200″ height=”140″ /></a> </div> </article> <article class=”border-bottom” itemscope itemtype=”http://schema.org/Article”> <div class=”fo-post-content”> <h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-israel-invasion-of-gaza-will-not-be-over-quickly/”> FO° Talks: Israel’s Invasion of Gaza Will Not Be Over Quickly </a> </h2> <p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”> The Israel–Hamas War rages on. Israel intends to eliminate the Hamas threat completely, with no possibility of negotiating a ceasefire…. </p> <span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/gary-grappo”>Gary Grappo</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a>, <span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished” content=”February 27, 2024″> February 27, 2024 </span> </span> </div> <div class=”fo-post-img”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-israel-invasion-of-gaza-will-not-be-over-quickly/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Israels-Invasion-of-Gaza-Will-Not-Be-Over-Quickly-FO°-Talks-200×140.jpeg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”200″ height=”140″ /></a> </div> </article> <article class=”border-bottom” itemscope itemtype=”http://schema.org/Article”> <div class=”fo-post-content”> <h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/the-war-on-terror-22-years-on/”> The War on Terror: 22 Years On </a> </h2> <p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”> The war on terror was a catastrophic mistake. The US won a speedy and spectacular victory in Afghanistan but got… </p> <span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a>, <span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished” content=”July 8, 2023″> July 8, 2023 </span> </span> </div> <div class=”fo-post-img”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/the-war-on-terror-22-years-on/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/The-Dialectic-scaled-200×140.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”200″ height=”140″ /></a> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=”video-top-scroll row”> <div id=”videodemos”> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://theworldnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2.jpg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/lYByDM_CX24″ post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/gary-grappo’>Gary Grappo</a>” post_date=”August 24, 2024 03:16″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2/” pid=”151936″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p><em>[See also: </em><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-1/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>FO° Talks: America’s New Fast-Changing Role in the Middle East, Part 1</em></a><em>]</em></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>In the early 2000s, the United States’ hegemonic position in the Middle East changed. The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union eliminated the need to contain communist influence and decreased the urgency of refereeing regional disagreements and addressing the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>However, the Middle East came sharply into focus when the Sunni extremist group al-Qaeda orchestrated the 9/11 terrorist attacks on US soil, killing 2,977. The George W. Bush administration declared a “War on Terror,” training its guns not only on groups like al-Qaeda but also states like Baathist dictator Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Claiming that Saddam was hiding weapons of mass destruction, the US invaded Iraq in 2003 and toppled his regime.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>With the invasion, the generally successful half-century of US foreign policy in the Middle East that had begun with the 1953 Iranian coup d’état came to a close. The US found itself mired in a destabilized Iraq, unable to pull out as the newly installed democratic government could not combat Islamist insurgencies on its own.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Disengagement and reengagement</h2><br />
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<p>The Barack Obama administration attempt to reduce Middle East involvement and “pivot towards Asia.” The rise of the brutal and initially successful Sunni terrorist group ISIS, the 2011 Arab Spring and the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War prevented the US from disengaging. Obama did make progress by striking a deal with Iran, agreeing to lift financial sanctions in exchange for the cessation of the Islamic republic’s nuclear program. However, Obama’s successor Donald Trump later scrapped the deal.</p><br />
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<p>Despite these setbacks, the US succeeded in protecting its interests while attempting to resolve regional wars and the enduring Arab–Israeli conflict. The Trump administration brokered the Abraham Accords in which Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) normalized ties with Israel. Morocco soon followed suit. Saudi Arabia also entered negotiations with Israel, but the prospect of normalization has stalled following the October 7, 2023, Hamas attack on Israel and the subsequent Israeli invasion of Gaza. Since the war broke out, the US has seen decreased popularity among Arab populations as they blamed the hegemonic power for backing up what they saw as Zionist aggression in Palestine. However, a bilateral security agreement between the US and Saudi Arabia remains possible.</p><br />
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<p>In recent years, the US reduced its dependency on the US by exploiting its own fossil fuel reserves. The US is rich in oil and natural gas, but they are usually in a form that requires more effort to extract than in the Middle East. Fracking and other technological advancements helped close this gap. However, Saudi Arabia continues to be the biggest figure in oil production till the present day.</p><br />
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<p>The region continues to evolve. Gone is the binary US–Soviet dynamic and gone, too, is unipolar US preponderance. More independent actors like China, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the UAE now shape the region. China, heavily reliant on Middle Eastern oil, is increasing its economic and political presence.<br><br>Domestically, American attitudes toward the Middle East are also in flux. Younger Americans are growing more critical of Israel. Having grown up during the Iraq War, this generation is leery of US involvement in the region. For now, though, the US continues to prioritize regional stability, oil price stability and containment of Iranian influence in its Middle East policy.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/tara-mahmood-yarwais-366350211″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Tara Yarwais</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=” In the early 2000s, the United States’ hegemonic position in the Middle East changed. The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union eliminated the need to contain communist influence and decreased the urgency of…” post_summery=”The United States’ role in the Middle East took a turn in the early 2000s after the Bush administration’s War on Terror. The disastrous US invasion of Iraq changed the public perception of the US’ role. While the Obama administration attempted to pivot to Asia, the 2011 Arab Spring, the Syrian Civil War and the ISIS emergency required reentry. At the same time, the domestic fracking boom brought some self-sufficiency in terms of fossil fuels.” post-date=”Aug 24, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: America’s New Fast-Changing Role in the Middle East Part 2″ slug-data=”fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2″> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2/” vType=”1″ src=”https://theworldnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2.jpg” data-src=”https://theworldnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2.jpg” data-srcset=”https://theworldnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-2.jpg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/lYByDM_CX24?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle current-post”> FO° Talks: America’s New Fast-Changing Role in the Middle East Part 2 </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151936″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Gary-grappo-2-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151936″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/gary-grappo”>Gary Grappo</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>August 24, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Warm-Middle-East-Is-Now-Getting-Boiling-Hot-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/8hmVIOE_LH0″ post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle’>Glenn Carle</a>” post_date=”August 18, 2024 05:59″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-warm-middle-east-is-now-getting-boiling-hot/” pid=”151835″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas has now entered its tenth month, with over 39,000 casualties reported. Recent developments have further escalated tensions in the Middle East, notably Israel’s <a href=”https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-strike-beirut-52c2a1711e274859b60daf8d2db3e0e2″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>assassinations</a> of two high-ranking leaders: Fouad Shukur, a senior Hezbollah military commander, in Beirut, and Ismail Haniyeh, the top Hamas political official, in Tehran. Just before these two events, a Hezbollah rocket slammed into a soccer field in the Golan Heights, killing 12 children.</p><br />
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<p>These events have been alarming, and there is a legitimate fear that they could spark a wider war in the region. However, all parties have expressed a desire to avoid full-scale war. While tensions are high, a regional conflict involving Hezbollah, Israel and Iran — potentially drawing in the US and other nations — may be less imminent than it appears. These offensive actions might be part of a calculated strategy to signal boundaries and demonstrate power without crossing the line to broader conflict.</p><br />
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<p>Perhaps the greater issue Israel faces is its growing internal tensions, particularly the widening rift between the far right and more moderate elements of the government. An <a href=”https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240813-5-israeli-soldiers-accused-of-sexually-abusing-gaza-detainee-released-into-house-arrest/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>arrest</a> of 10 Israeli soldiers on July 29 for sexually assaulting Palestinian prisoners ignited heated protests. This has heightened concerns that Israel could be on the brink of internal conflict and destabilization.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Who did Israel assassinate, and why? </h2><br />
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<p>Israel’s assassination of Fouad <a href=”https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-strike-beirut-52c2a1711e274859b60daf8d2db3e0e2″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>Shukur</a> was reportedly in retaliation for a Hezbollah rocket attack that struck the occupied Golan Heights, tragically killing 12 children. Shukur was allegedly behind this attack. He had also been wanted in the US for decades due to his involvement in the 1983 bombing of a Marine Corps barracks in Lebanon, which killed 241 American service members. </p><br />
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<p>Assasinating the Hezbollah commander thus appears to be a more or less rational move. However, the assassination of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh seems less logical from a strategic perspective.</p><br />
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<p><a href=”https://apnews.com/article/iran-hamas-israel-30968a7acb31cd8b259de9650014b779″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>Haniyeh</a> was killed when an Israeli rocket hit his official residence in Tehran while he was attending the swearing-in ceremony of Iran’s new president. Iran has long used Hezbollah as a proxy in its broader strategy against Israel. Haniyeh was the the head of Hamas’s political wing and widely known for his more moderate and cosmopolitan approach, compared to his counterparts. He was a central figure in the ongoing efforts to broker a ceasefire in Gaza. The killing of Haniyeh likely silenced a moderating voice within Hamas and could push his successor toward a harder, less compromising stance against Israel. </p><br />
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<p>Domestic political pressures, rather than military necessity, may have driven the assassination. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu may have felt the need to strike Iran in order to assuage the far right and maintain domestic stability. </p><br />
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<p>There is a concern that events could <a href=”https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/31/israel-iran-hamas-hezbollah-lebanon-assassinations-middle-east” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>escalate</a> into a broader conflict in the Middle East, all parties have continuously expressed a desire to avoid full-scale war. Each side appears to be carefully navigating the situation, using targeted strikes and other “tit for tat” tactics to communicate their limits while avoiding escalation. For instance, when Iran launched 300 missiles and drones at Israel, they made it clear through backchannels that they were not seeking war. Israel responded in a similar manner, signaling its intent to avoid a broader conflict. </p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Israel’s growing internal tensions</h2><br />
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<p>While external threats are significant, the growing rift between the far right and more moderate elements of the Israeli government poses a greater risk to the country’s stability. </p><br />
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<p>On July 29, Israel <a href=”https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240813-5-israeli-soldiers-accused-of-sexually-abusing-gaza-detainee-released-into-house-arrest/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>arrested</a> 10 soldiers for the sexual assault and abuse of Palestinian prisoners. Following their arrest, far-right protesters stormed two military bases in Southern and Central Israel. Protests have continued into this month, with right-wing demonstrators effectively rallying for the right to rape and mistreat Palestinian detainees as they see fit. </p><br />
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<p>In this situation, Netanyahu has positioned himself as a moderate figure, and Defense Minister Yoav Gallant called for peace, emphasizing that no one is above the law. However, the far right remains defiant, rejecting these calls. The growing schism within Israel is becoming increasingly serious, raising concerns that the country could be on the verge of internal conflict — potentially even civil war.</p><br />
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<p>The big issue for Israel may be the internal struggle between its more secular, democratic heritage and the rise of ultra-Orthodox factions. This internal struggle is harder to see than the immediate external conflicts but potentially even more destabilizing in the long run.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/tingtcui/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Ting Cui</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece] </em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas has now entered its tenth month, with over 39,000 casualties reported. Recent developments have further escalated tensions in the Middle East, notably Israel’s assassinations of two high-ranking leaders: Fouad Shukur, a senior Hezbollah military…” post_summery=”The Israel–Hamas conflict has escalated with the recent assassinations of a senior Hezbollah commander and a Hamas leader, raising fears of a broader regional war. As Israel contends with growing external pressures from Hamas, Hezbollah and Iran, it also faces significant internal tensions from its far right that could destabilize the country.” post-date=”Aug 18, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Exclusive: Warm Middle East Is Now Getting Boiling Hot” slug-data=”fo-exclusive-warm-middle-east-is-now-getting-boiling-hot”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-warm-middle-east-is-now-getting-boiling-hot/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Warm-Middle-East-Is-Now-Getting-Boiling-Hot-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Warm-Middle-East-Is-Now-Getting-Boiling-Hot-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Warm-Middle-East-Is-Now-Getting-Boiling-Hot-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/8hmVIOE_LH0?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Exclusive: Warm Middle East Is Now Getting Boiling Hot </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151835″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Glenn-Carle-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151835″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>August 18, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Can-the-US-Handle-an-International-System-Under-Enormous-Strain-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/d-3x5Z969JE” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/jean-daniel-ruch’>Jean-Daniel Ruch</a>” post_date=”August 17, 2024 02:08″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/fo-talks-can-the-us-handle-an-international-system-under-enormous-strain/” pid=”151824″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>There is a structural problem within the US government: It cannot define a long-term foreign strategy. As the presidential position cycles every four or eight years, it is difficult for presidents to establish a policy that lasts after their term. The implications of this situation are evident in the ongoing conflict in Gaza. Despite US President Joe Biden’s desire to halt the violence, his ability to act is constrained by the lack of assertive policy when it comes to Israel. There is also significant doubt whether Biden even has enough power to influence Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.</p><br />
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<p>So is the Republican candidate, former US President Trump, the only option to stop the violence? Trump has prominently campaigned on his strong support for Israel. Whether this is for tactical or genuine purposes is unclear. In his first term, his government took the most pro-Israel approach of any administration. He took the initiative to relocate the US embassy to Jerusalem. Furthermore, he provided financial incentives to Morocco, the United Arab Emirates and other nations to normalize their relations with Israel. </p><br />
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<p>However, future developments in regard to Trump’s Israel policy are difficult to predict. Rumors even suggest that Trump and Netanyahu have a strained relationship. If this is true, Trump’s unpredictability might lead him to exert tough pressure on the Israeli government in order to reshape himself into a peacemaker. Conversely, Biden has shown a reluctance to invest significant political capital in applying serious pressure on Israel. </p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Israel also suffers from the West’s inaction</h2><br />
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<p>Lack of a firm US policy may not bode well for Israelis and Palestinians. Following the October 7, 2023 attack on Israel, there was a global consensus that a two-state solution was the only political perspective imaginable. For various reasons, a one-state solution appears highly undesirable — and a solution involving ethnic cleansing, of course, would be even less desirable. Thus, the least problematic solution is a two-state solution. </p><br />
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<p>A few problems arise here, primarily the question of what must be done with Israeli settlers in Palestine. In a recent study, settlers were asked under what conditions they would be willing to leave their homes, which are considered illegal under international law. Approximately 80% of settlers indicated that they would have no issue relocating to the other side. They only stay for economic reasons. Among the approximately 20% who did not agree, only a small proportion expressed a willingness to resort to unlawful means, such as violence, to defend their communities.</p><br />
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<p>If the Israeli leaders understood this issue, they would do the opposite of what they appear to be doing: arming the settlers. Thus, the true intentions of the Israeli government in Gaza and in the West Bank are being questioned. Is the objective to liberate the hostages and destroy Hamas? Or is there a more sinister intent? These are important questions to answer, especially as Israel faces serious, existential consequences as a result of the war. </p><br />
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<p>Recently, the Population and Immigration Authority released statistics indicating that approximately 550,000 individuals have left Israel since October 7. The majority of these individuals appear to be high-tech entrepreneurs who may have sought safer environments such as California or Berlin for their operations. Because of this, there has been a dramatic economic impact on Israel with a 20–25% loss in GDP. It would be in Israel’s interest to end the bloodshed promptly and to facilitate the restart of the economy.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Uncertainty has become the world order</h2><br />
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<p>It is in the interest of the West and Israel to find a solution. However, the West is currently suffering from a lack of the ability to apply and enforce serious measures against violations of international law. In discussions about a rules-based international order and the primacy of international law, the US appears inconsistent. The US criticizes other actors for breaching international laws and imposes stringent sanctions. Why not Israel?</p><br />
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<p>This inconsistency provides a rationale for authoritarian regimes and non-democratic governments to justify their own human rights violations. Iranians point out that the Israeli bombing of their embassy in Damascus has gone without condemnation from Western countries. They argue that if Iran had bombed an Israeli embassy anywhere in the world, the international reaction would have been severe. </p><br />
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<p>It would be in the interest of the West to join forces and develop a comprehensible strategy for the future. Yet, following the latest NATO Summit, it appears that the US aims to create conflict with the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). This stance seems contrary to the interests of Germany and other European nations that have dynamic economic and trade relationships with China. It is contrary to US interests as well. Such a move indicates the need for a reassessment of the global role of the US.</p><br />
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<p>However, international measures are also falling short of solutions. The EU, like the US, is facing uncertainty after elections. France’s elections in particular have shown that people are not ready to accept every policy that filters down from the top. It seems like government committees, rather than the people, are making all the serious decisions. There is a clash between the personalities running governments and the common people. Uncertainty has become reality.</p><br />
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<p>In this period of uncertainty, it is highly unlikely that significant decisions will be made. The recent BRICS summit — which will be followed by another in October — indicates that, at least until the US election, other regions of the world are reorganizing at a pace faster than anticipated. The US must tackle its foreign policy issues if it wishes to stay at the top of the world order.</p><br />
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<p><em>[Tanisha Desai wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/cheyennetorres/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Cheyenne Torres</em></a><em> edited this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
There is a structural problem within the US government: It cannot define a long-term foreign strategy. As the presidential position cycles every four or eight years, it is difficult for presidents to establish a policy that lasts after their term. The implications of this situation are evident in…” post_summery=”As the world grows increasingly unstable, leadership from the US is noticeably lacking. The so-called global hegemon seems unable to exert pressure even on states with which it has close relations, like Israel. The upcoming US presidential election adds a layer of uncertainty; the fact that one of the two possible winners is Donald Trump adds another layer. When the US is unpredictable, global volatility deepens as other states seek to craft their own solutions. The US must take a new approach on its foreign policy if it wishes to remain the primary world power and ensure a stable international system.” post-date=”Aug 17, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: Can the US Handle an International System Under Enormous Strain?” slug-data=”fo-talks-can-the-us-handle-an-international-system-under-enormous-strain”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/fo-talks-can-the-us-handle-an-international-system-under-enormous-strain/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Can-the-US-Handle-an-International-System-Under-Enormous-Strain-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Can-the-US-Handle-an-International-System-Under-Enormous-Strain-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Can-the-US-Handle-an-International-System-Under-Enormous-Strain-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/d-3x5Z969JE?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: Can the US Handle an International System Under Enormous Strain? </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151824″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Jean-Daniel-Ruch-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151824″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/jean-daniel-ruch”>Jean-Daniel Ruch</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/peter-isackson’>Peter Isackson</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>August 17, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SCOTUS-Creates-Tantalizing-Opportunities-to-Overturn-40-Year-Old-Rules-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/DqVF8rJXLsA” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/andrew-morrow’>Andrew Morrow</a>” post_date=”August 16, 2024 05:31″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-scotus-creates-tantalizing-opportunities-to-overturn-40-year-old-rules/” pid=”151810″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>On June 24, the US Supreme Court shocked legal observers with <em>Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo</em>. The decision overturned the 40-year-old doctrine of Chevron deference.</p><br />
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<p>Stemming from the 1984 <em>Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. National Resources Defense Council, Inc.,</em> the Chevron deference doctrine required US courts defer to the administration’s interpretation of ambiguous laws. This means that myriads of closed cases are now open for litigation as individuals and corporations across the country can and likely will seek to challenge old administrative decisions.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>How did Chevron deference work?</h2><br />
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<p>When Congress makes laws, it cannot possibly predict every set of circumstances to which the law may be applied. This means that, when applying laws, the federal bureaucracy — which ultimately answers to the president — has to use its best judgment to apply the law in ambiguous instances. Agencies like the Department of Labor, the Securities and Exchange Commission and even the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) employ not only lawyers but subject matter experts to help them make these decisions. </p><br />
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<p>In 1981, the National Resources Defense Council, an environmental group, successfully challenged the validity of the EPA’s interpretation of the Clean Air Act in the District of Columbia circuit court. Chevron Corporation, an oil and gas firm, <a href=”https://ballotpedia.org/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>appealed</a> the ruling. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chevron and the EPA’s interpretation. The Court reasoned that administrative agencies would be crippled if federal courts constantly questioned their regulations and overturned their decision. So, the Court stipulated that, as long as an agency follows a plausible interpretation of the law, federal courts are not to contradict it.</p><br />
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<p>Originally, conservatives welcomed the decision, because the outcome favored their interests in fossil fuels. The principle on which <em>Chevron </em>was based was not, at the time, a partisan issue, and few observers expected the decision to be very significant. However, in succeeding years <em>Chevron </em>took on a life of its own. Federal courts cited the decision thousands of times.</p><br />
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<p>Conservatives complained that <em>Chevron </em>was making it difficult for private parties to challenge any action of the bureaucracy. They also accused Democrats of deliberately passing ambiguous laws so that their allies in the administration could use “interpretation” to push liberal agendas.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Cases are tailored to attack specific laws</h2><br />
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<p>The United States is a common law jurisdiction — a trait which it inherited from England. In the common law tradition, courts cannot simply intervene to reinterpret the law when asked to do so. They must wait for a case to arise in which an injured party requires relief and granting that relief requires reinterpreting the law. Lawyers know this, and over the years they have developed the art of intentionally crafting a case so that the courts will need to reinterpret the law as desired. <em>Loper Bright </em>was one such case; it was designed to run afoul of <em>Chevron</em>.</p><br />
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<p>Loper Bright Enterprises, a herring fishery, was required by law to keep a third-party monitor on every boat to prevent overfishing. The government had been paying the monitors, but the money ran out; the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), a branch of the Commerce Department thus instituted a new rule to shift the sudden burden: the fisheries themselves would have to pay the monitors’ salary. This caused an uproar amongst the herring fishermen. Their own salaries depended on the catch; sometimes, fish were scarce. But the monitors received a flat fee, regardless of the catch. Often, the monitor was the best-paid person on the boat, even including the captain.</p><br />
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<p>Loper Bright sued Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo, claiming the NMFS was misinterpreting the law. Naturally, the initial court dismissed the suit, citing <em>Chevron. </em>Loper Bright appealed up to the Supreme Court. Loper Bright found a ready audience in a Court packed with conservative textualists who disliked the idea of bureaucracies loosely applying the law. The court took the Administrative Procedure Act (<a href=”https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-administrative-procedure-act” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>APA</a>) as requiring courts to use their own interpretation of the law when ruling cases. In a 6-3 decision split along ideological lines, the Court ruled in Loper Bright’s favor, overturning <em>Chevron.</em></p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>The consequences of overturning <em>Chevron</em></h2><br />
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<p>The <em>Loper Bright </em>decision was not retroactive, which means it did not disestablish the past rulings in favor of the administrative state. However, dissenting justices pointed out that another recent case, <em>Corner Post Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</em>, allows litigants to bypass the six-year statute of limitations for civil suits. This means that all 40 years of <em>Chevron-</em>based decisions may now be thrown into question.</p><br />
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<p>This will have extensive ramifications for the administrative state. There is likely to be a feeding frenzy of lawsuits within the coming years seeking to overturn any number of administrative rules. At present, there is no telling what the outcome will be, which policies will be overturned and how. For now, many are hopeful that this will result in a sharp curtailing of administrative power.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/cheyennetorres/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Cheyenne Torres</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
On June 24, the US Supreme Court shocked legal observers with Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo. The decision overturned the 40-year-old doctrine of Chevron deference. Stemming from the 1984 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. National Resources Defense Council, Inc., the Chevron deference doctrine…” post_summery=”The US Supreme Court has overturned the Chevron deference doctrine in a recent landmark case, voiding 40 years of judicial standard. Now, US courts will not have to defer to the administration’s interpretation of ambiguous laws. The Court has thus limited the power of the federal bureaucracy.” post-date=”Aug 16, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: SCOTUS Creates Tantalizing Opportunities to Overturn 40-Year-Old Rules” slug-data=”fo-talks-scotus-creates-tantalizing-opportunities-to-overturn-40-year-old-rules”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-scotus-creates-tantalizing-opportunities-to-overturn-40-year-old-rules/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SCOTUS-Creates-Tantalizing-Opportunities-to-Overturn-40-Year-Old-Rules-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SCOTUS-Creates-Tantalizing-Opportunities-to-Overturn-40-Year-Old-Rules-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SCOTUS-Creates-Tantalizing-Opportunities-to-Overturn-40-Year-Old-Rules-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/DqVF8rJXLsA?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: SCOTUS Creates Tantalizing Opportunities to Overturn 40-Year-Old Rules </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151810″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Andrew-Morrow-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151810″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/andrew-morrow”>Andrew Morrow</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/anton-schauble’>Anton Schauble</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>August 16, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Can-Europe-Vote-Itself-Out-of-Its-Crisis-I-FO°-Live.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/X44wst0c93s” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/sebastian-schaeffer’>Sebastian Schäffer</a>” post_date=”August 15, 2024 04:58″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-can-europe-vote-itself-out-of-its-crisis/” pid=”151801″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>In this edition of FO° Talks, Peter Isackson, Fair Observer Chief Strategy Officer, discusses the 2024 European Union Parliament elections with Fair Observer Editor at Large Alex Gloy and Institute of the Danube and Central Europe Director Sebastian Schaffer.</p><br />
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<p>Politics in France have been coming to a boil. The past elections symbolize the lessons people have drawn from the fact that there is a more substantial influence of the extreme right, including Germany and Austria. French President Emmanuel Macron called for snap elections after the European Union Parliament elections. This move concerned many, seemed counterintuitive and provided further momentum toward the National Rally candidate, Marine Le Pen. On the other hand, there is hope that the next election will be different.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Surging right wing</h2><br />
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<p>Germany and Austria are other countries where the extreme right surged in the most recent European parliamentary election. Right now, the Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats), a center-right political group, holds a <a href=”https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/germany/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>majority</a> of the seats with 188 out of 720 total seats. However, the far-right, represented in Germany by Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), has been on the rise. AfD is the strongest in East Germany and among new voters. It finished <a href=”https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/germany/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>second</a>, with 15.9% of the national vote, behind the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CDU/CSU).</p><br />
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<p>In Austria, the Freedom Party has seen a similar rise in popularity. Austria will hold its regular parliamentary elections in September.</p><br />
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<p>It is helpful, however, to take a step back and avoid drawing strict comparisons between different nations’ political situations. The media has been permanently interested in the far right challenging the center. This obscured the meaning of the center, with the media distorting perceptions of political alignment. If Le Pen were an American, she would be to the left of the democratic party. She advocates for social programs and supports the working class, something that no accepted party in the US is willing to do. Yet the media creates the perception that she is far-right and that the far right is therefore on the rise in France.</p><br />
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<p>Since World War II, France has had a very solid right wing which consolidated around Charles de Gaulle. Francois Mitterand emerged after World War II and formed France’s left wing. Mitterand increased greatly in electoral appeal. He nationalized all big banks and major industries. Until 2017, France expected either the socialist party or a rightwing party more or less in the Gaullist tradition to rule, but that is when France started shifting to legitimizing the far right as an alternative to the two establishment wings of the ruling political spectrum: the socialists and the traditional post-Gaullist right. </p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>How united is Europe?</h2><br />
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<p>The EU Parliament elections are not just a single election; they are 27 national parallel elections. A question that many may ask “Are people voting for the whole of Europe or just their country?” This is what makes elections so difficult on a European level. For example, people in Bratislava will not be interested in issues such as those of the Social Democratic Party in Austria. Voters will focus on the issues and problems of their own countries. This has created an identity problem in Europe. Europeans are more focused on their national identity and national issues rather than being united as Europeans with European problems. </p><br />
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<p>The European project must move forward. Countries that trade with each other should not go to war. Europe has progressed in the past decades. When traveling in Europe, people once had to stop at border checkpoints, but now people can drive straight through. Europe also adopted the Euro in 1999, providing a universal currency for Europe. This has allowed for swift and easy transactions and removed the need to calculate exchange rates.</p><br />
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<p>The gradual rise of far-right parties and the challenges to the political center have sparked intense debates about the nature of political alignment and the identity of the electorate. The issue of European unity remains a complex and pressing concern, as national interests often overshadow the broader European agenda. Despite the challenges, hope still exists for a more united and prosperous Europe. </p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/liam-roman-236863232/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Liam Roman</em></a><em> wrote this first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
In this edition of FO° Talks, Peter Isackson, Fair Observer Chief Strategy Officer, discusses the 2024 European Union Parliament elections with Fair Observer Editor at Large Alex Gloy and Institute of the Danube and Central Europe Director Sebastian Schaffer. Politics in France have been…” post_summery=”In the aftermath of the EU parliamentary elections, French President Emmanuel Macron’s call for snap national elections stirred concern and increased support for the opposition National Rally candidate, Marine Le Pen. Germany and Austria have also witnessed a surge in far-right influence, reflecting a larger trend in European politics. The media’s portrayal of the far right has contributed to a distortion of political alignments, prompting discussions about the true meaning of centrism and unity in Europe.” post-date=”Aug 15, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks Can Europe Vote Itself Out of Its Crisis?” slug-data=”fo-talks-can-europe-vote-itself-out-of-its-crisis”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-can-europe-vote-itself-out-of-its-crisis/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Can-Europe-Vote-Itself-Out-of-Its-Crisis-I-FO°-Live.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Can-Europe-Vote-Itself-Out-of-Its-Crisis-I-FO°-Live.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Can-Europe-Vote-Itself-Out-of-Its-Crisis-I-FO°-Live.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/X44wst0c93s?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks Can Europe Vote Itself Out of Its Crisis? </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151801″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Sebastian-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151801″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/sebastian-schaeffer”>Sebastian Schäffer</a>, <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/alex-gloy’>Alex Gloy</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/peter-isackson’>Peter Isackson</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>August 15, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Americas-New-Fast-Changing-Role-in-the-Middle-East-Part-1-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/frpfv2tzNZs” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/gary-grappo’>Gary Grappo</a>” post_date=”August 04, 2024 05:07″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-1/” pid=”151592″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>The US has been a key player in the Middle East since World War II. A strategic interest in oil drove its involvement, leading to critical diplomatic engagements like President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s secret 1945 visit to the Middle East after the Yalta Conference. The British, previously the dominant hegemonic power in the region, misjudged Saudi oil potential and focused on Iran. British interests in Egypt and Iran faced complications, including the 1953 CIA-backed coup in Iran and an attempted invasion of Egypt with France and Israel in 1956 that sparked condemnation from both the US and the Soviet Union. This marked a transition from British hegemony in the Middle East to Cold War competition and, eventually, American preponderance. It was during this period that the US formed lasting alliances with the Gulf States and Israel that continue to impact the Middle East today.</p><br />
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<p>To understand the role the US plays in the Middle East today, we need to look at history. In the aftermath of World War II, America turned to the region mainly due to its strategic interest in the Middle East’s vast energy resources, particularly oil. On February 19, 1945, President Roosevelt met with King Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman al Saud (better known in the West as Ibn Saud) aboard the USS Quincy on the Great Bitter Lake in Egypt. Despite the colorful pageantry, including the slaughtering of goats for a feast, the central focus of the talks was disposition of the hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees following World War II and the future relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia, with a notable absence of direct discussions about oil.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Britain’s losing gamble in Iran</h2><br />
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<p>Meanwhile, the British, previously dominant in the Middle East, made a critical miscalculation regarding Saudi Arabia’s mineral potential. The British underestimated Saudi oil reserves. The Americans, adopting a more persistent approach, eventually struck oil in the eastern part of the country. This discovery solidified the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States and US oil interests, marking the beginning of an enduring alliance. This partnership involved US oil companies drilling for oil in Saudi Arabia, with an even split in profits.</p><br />
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<p>The British, with a historical interest in preserving its global empire, particularly in India and the Middle East, had a vested interest in maintaining its strong influence in the region, most notably Egypt and Iran. However, their misjudgment of Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves created a strategic setback, contributing to the evolution of the Middle East’s power dynamics.</p><br />
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<p>As a result, the British focused on the oil in Iran; however, they had a different relationship with the Iranians. The British attempted to maintain control in Egypt and Iran but faced setbacks. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Ltd., (today known as BP), stood at the center of international tension. Under Prime Minister Mohammed Mosadegh, the Iranians sought to nationalize the oil company, which Britain vigorously opposed. The US encouraged the two parties to look to the US–Saudi partnership as a model. Yet both sides stubbornly refused and held on inflexibly. Along with Mossadegh’s obstinance, British and later American concerns about the direction of the Mossadegh government in its relationship with the Soviet Union led to the deposition of the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran and the reinstatement of the absolute monarchy. Years later, the CIA admitted to America’s part in backing the coup to rid Iran of its Prime Minister.</p><br />
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<p>Discontentment with the new regime and anti-Western sentiment eventually led to the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Islamists expelled Western interests from the country and set Iran as the foremost anti-Western power in the region, which it remains to this day.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Washington takes up the banner from London</h2><br />
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<p>As the 1950s wore on, US influence on the world stage and participation in Middle East politics continued to grow, taking on the role of peacekeeper. When Israel, France and the UK attempted to invade Egypt in 1956 to gain canal control, the US publicly condemned the plan, leading to the breakdown of the attempted attack. This marked a break between the European colonial powers with the US, which paradoxically found itself on the same side of the dispute as the Soviet Union, which that same year had invaded Hungary..</p><br />
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<p>Yet the stage had been set. 1956 marked a turning point in the global balance of power. No longer would Paris and London dictate the terms of engagement, but two new and formally anti-colonial superpowers — the US and the Soviet Union — would shape the international system. For the succeeding three and a half decades, the Middle East, like the rest of the world, would become a Cold War chessboard.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/tara-mahmood-yarwais-366350211/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Tara Yarwais</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
The US has been a key player in the Middle East since World War II. A strategic interest in oil drove its involvement, leading to critical diplomatic engagements like President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s secret 1945 visit to the Middle East after the Yalta Conference. The British, previously the…” post_summery=”After World War II, the need to ensure that no single country controlled access to the region’s rich reserves of fossil fuels underscored US diplomacy in and led US diplomats to the Middle East. While the US forged an alliance with Saudi Arabia, the British had thrown their hat in with Iran. The US proved to have made the wiser choice, and with the failure of Britain’s intervention during the 1956 Suez Crisis, cemented its position as the predominant Western power in the Middle East.” post-date=”Aug 04, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: America’s New Fast-Changing Role in the Middle East, Part 1″ slug-data=”fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-1″> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-americas-new-fast-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-part-1/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Americas-New-Fast-Changing-Role-in-the-Middle-East-Part-1-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Americas-New-Fast-Changing-Role-in-the-Middle-East-Part-1-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Americas-New-Fast-Changing-Role-in-the-Middle-East-Part-1-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/frpfv2tzNZs?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: America’s New Fast-Changing Role in the Middle East, Part 1 </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151592″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Gary-grappo-2-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151592″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/gary-grappo”>Gary Grappo</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>August 04, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Make-Sense-of-the-Maker-Space-Movement-in-India-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/cUbwVYatJ80″ post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/hemant-kanakia’>Hemant Kanakia</a>” post_date=”August 03, 2024 03:27″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/business/fo-talks-make-sense-of-the-maker-space-movement-in-india/” pid=”151588″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>There is a lack of innovation in India. India scarcely produces inventions that change the world. Ironically, a nation with so many engineers, software houses and global research centers has generated few technological advances with global impact.</p><br />
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<p>What innovation India does have is driven by entrepreneurs wanting to create startup companies. These are uncommon, as graduates often seek employment at existing corporations out of school. Additionally, Indians confuse innovation with incubation. Many so-called “<a href=”https://joistpark.eu/en/what-is-innovation-center/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>innovation centers</a>” — collaborative hubs where groups exchange ideas and develop projects together — are really <a href=”https://aim.gov.in/what-is-an-incubator.php” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>incubation centers</a>, designed to aid the formation of startup companies.</p><br />
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<p>Innovation is a teachable skill set that, unfortunately, the Indian education system does not encourage at any level. The current system focuses too heavily on information retention and rigid testing. Young minds should learn to be curious, ask questions and invent new ideas.</p><br />
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<p>Fortunately, a new <a href=”https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/what-is-the-maker-movement-and-how-can-you-get-involved” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>movement</a> is emerging to improve India’s higher education: the maker space movement. It challenges students to design with their hands. The nationwide spread of <a href=”https://libguides.lakeheadu.ca/K12Makerspaces” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>maker spaces</a> — collaborative work spaces in schools and public facilities, which provide professional tools and technology — offers Indian students a chance to experiment and invent. Its goal is to kindle an innovative spirit within them.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Maker Bhavan Foundation wants to fix India’s innovation</h2><br />
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<p>Maker Bhavan Foundation (<a href=”https://makerbhavanfoundation.org/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>MBF</a>), founded by Director Hemant Kanakia and managed by President Ruyintan Mehta, is dedicated to reforming engineering education nationwide. It does so by teaching Indian student engineers creativity, teamwork, communication and problem-solving skills.</p><br />
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<p>MBF is based on Kanakia’s experiences at India’s IIT Bombay and the United States’s Stanford University. He observed that Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were frozen in their <em>pedagogy</em> — the method and practice of teaching — unlike outside organizations like Stanford. The latter school has evolved and now emphasizes experiential over theoretical learning.</p><br />
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<p>Indian institutions, on the other hand, teach theoretically instead of experientially. Thus, Indian graduates rarely have the practical skills to build technological devices and systems out of school. Many make great theoreticians but lackluster engineers.</p><br />
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<p>MBF’s vision is to boost the education level by focusing on the top and middle tier of adult students. It modernizes the pedagogy so students work in teams, create things and develop an inventive spirit. MBF boosts its students’ confidence and teaches them a judgment of practicality through the building process.</p><br />
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<p>Kanakia started the foundation at IIT Bombay in 2017. He had a dialogue with the IT officer in charge of technical education at the central government’s Ministry of Education. He was so enthusiastic that he started a similar <a href=”https://aim.gov.in/atl.php” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>mission</a> called Atal Tinkering Lab, which provides the same service for children across a thousand Indian schools.</p><br />
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<p>Mehta hopes to spread MBF’s movement to 50 higher education institutions covering over 250,000 students in the next five to six years. He desires to make India a land of deep thinkers who brainstorm, invent and work with their hands. In his words, MBF is about “learning by doing” and “learning by using.”</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Tinkerers’ Labs and LEAP encourage creativity</h2><br />
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<p>MBF’s first and most important initiative is <a href=”https://makerbhavanfoundation.org/tinkerers-lab/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>Tinkerers’ Labs</a>. This comprises student-managed maker spaces that are open all day, every day. The labs enable students to experiment and exercise their imaginations. They can build prototypes of whatever they desire using a variety of sophisticated machines — 3D printers, laser cutters, vinyl cutters and more. This experiential education system pushes them to convert concepts into tangible, potentially workable products of engineering.</p><br />
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<p>The intended goal is for students to find solutions for India-specific problems. For example, if a student’s family member had asthma, they might choose to build an inhaler tailored to the local conditions.</p><br />
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<p>In the past few years, Tinkerers’ Labs has collaborated with another educational program: Learn Engineering by Activity with Products (<a href=”https://www.leap.respark.iitm.ac.in/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>LEAP</a>). This project-based program helps students learn similar patterns of engineering, but operates in South Indian colleges that lack IIT facilities.</p><br />
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<p>LEAP’s prototyping process goes like this: First-year students reverse-engineer products and craft small prototypes. Second-years receive mentoring to create more substantial prototypes. Third-years work on industry-provided problems, where their projects get progressively more complex. Fourth-years are instructed to go find a socially relevant problem and build a solution for it.</p><br />
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<p>Over 10,000 students from more than 11 higher education institutions have flexed their creativity at Tinkerers’ Labs.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Invention Factory gets students building</h2><br />
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<p>Tinkerers’ Labs is not MBF’s only initiative. <a href=”https://cooper.edu/project/invention-factory” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>Invention Factory</a> is a six-week intensive summer program developed in the US at The Cooper Union, which MBF has brought to India. In this program, undergraduate students from across India work in pairs to build prototypes for innovative inventions.</p><br />
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<p>They first learn to pitch their ideas; concepts can only advance to the next stage once they are accepted by 75% of the participants and faculty. They then develop a working prototype and continually improve it. At the end of the six weeks, they pitch their creation to a panel of judges, who award the students first, second or third prize.</p><br />
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<p>One notable team visited a local farm and asked farmers about the difficulties of mango picking. There is a 15% wastage, they learned, when plucking the fruit off its tree. They observed the standard-use picker and devised an improvement for it. The team’s simple instrument saved labor by both picking and packaging the fruits. As 45% of all mangoes are produced in India, this was indeed a solution to an India-specific problem.</p><br />
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<p>Of the ideas prototyped at Invention Factory, to date, 104 have been patented in the US and India. Several of them had such great utility value that commercial companies approached the student teams, hoping to license or adapt their inventions.</p><br />
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<p>MBF is working to develop an industry associate program, so it can place top students in industries where they can continue their work. This combats the issue of graduates discarding innovative pursuits in favor of immediate employment.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>MBF funding: donors, corporations and eventually the government</h2><br />
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<p>MBF is a US-based nonprofit organization that Kanakia kickstarted with his own fortune. His work predominantly attracted passionate IIT workers who inspired donors to support the organization. US donors contribute 90% of its funds.</p><br />
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<p>Mehta aims to get future funding from Indian companies through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). By <a href=”https://cleartax.in/s/corporate-social-responsibility” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>law</a>, Indian companies must spend 2% of their net profits on CSR — so companies could choose to spend their 2% funding MBF. So far, however, they have not.</p><br />
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<p>Regardless, Mehta is confident that Tinkerers’ Labs and Invention Factory will attract Indian funds. These programs bring in industry leaders as judges, who are amazed by the students and consider supporting the organization.</p><br />
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<p>MBF is currently in the “friends and family” phase. Its ambitions have expanded over the years, so the group needs to leverage the money that it has put in itself with a corporate sponsorship, like CSR.</p><br />
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<p>MBF has not sought government funds, but Kanakia intends to change that in the next stage. The Indian government is good at allocating money but not monitoring its outcome or ensuring its continued success. It would want to send a minimum of 500 crore rupees (over $59 million).</p><br />
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<p>It is easier to define a program as a public-private partnership; both sides chip in funds while the private portion manages the program. That’s the direction MBF will likely take with Tinkerers’ Labs and Invention Factory. But, no matter who funds it, MBF will continue to support the experiential learning and creative endeavors of young Indians.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/leethompsonkolar/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Lee Thompson-Kolar</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
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There is a lack of innovation in India. India scarcely produces inventions that change the world. Ironically, a nation with so many engineers, software houses and global research centers has generated few technological advances with global impact. What innovation India does have is driven by…” post_summery=”India has an innovation problem. Information retention and rigid testing stifle students’ creativity and critical thinking. Fortunately, the maker space movement seeks to develop students’ innovative spirit. Maker spaces provide them tools and challenge them to build with their hands, helping up-and-coming engineers find their passion for inventing.” post-date=”Aug 03, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: Make Sense of the Maker Space Movement in India” slug-data=”fo-talks-make-sense-of-the-maker-space-movement-in-india”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/business/fo-talks-make-sense-of-the-maker-space-movement-in-india/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Make-Sense-of-the-Maker-Space-Movement-in-India-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Make-Sense-of-the-Maker-Space-Movement-in-India-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Make-Sense-of-the-Maker-Space-Movement-in-India-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/cUbwVYatJ80?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: Make Sense of the Maker Space Movement in India </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151588″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Hemant-Kanakia-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151588″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/hemant-kanakia”>Hemant Kanakia</a>, <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/ruyintan-mehta’>Ruyintan E. Mehta</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>August 03, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Russia-Has-Kicked-Off-a-New-Charm-Offensive-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/MevP09HkiBY” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle’>Glenn Carle</a>” post_date=”July 23, 2024 06:10″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-russia-has-kicked-off-a-new-charm-offensive/” pid=”151376″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>Ukraine keeps warm diplomatic ties with the West. This includes Ukrainian President Volodimir Zelensky’s July 11 appearance at the NATO summit in Washington, DC, to bolster the provision of funds and materiel for Ukraine’s war effort against Russia. Likewise, but in the opposite hemisphere, Russian President Vladimir Putin has been doing the same. This includes a recent trip to North Korea, which has severe implications for the geopolitical landscape.</p><br />
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<p>The trip was a strategic move and a successful one. Russia’s artillery-heavy style of warfare blows through materiel fast, and it needs all of the suppliers it can get, including North Korea. in In the past year, North Korea has supplied Russia with an estimated 5 million artillery shells, which is approximately a year and a half’s worth of war supplies. North Korea also agreed to send a large number of laborers to Russia. </p><br />
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<p>The trip was also a pointed response to the United States’ reversal of its policy forbidding Ukraine from using US-manufactured weapons to attack Russian territory.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>What does the trip say about Russia’s status in the world?</h2><br />
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<p>The Russian–North Korean alignment creates further implications for the United States’ tensions with China and the general region in Southeast and Southern Asia. Putin’s trip showed that it is not a “Han tributary” and instead its own power in the region, independent of Chinese influence. It also showed Russia can help the “Global South” acquire resources and support from powerful states without pressure to abide by the democratic and humanitarian norms established by the US.</p><br />
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<p><strong>T</strong>he important thing for these nations is finding who will fill their gasoline tanks in the most economical way. And the answer, right now, is Russia. If Russia only had principles to offer, these developing nations would not pay too much mind to it. Putin’s trip crystallizes the global normative order Russia is seeking: a transactional model of international relations.</p><br />
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<p>The real winner of this shift is India, with a world-class technological sector and masses of cheap labor, although it will need to “get its act together” as Vietnam is also highly attractive form manufacturing. The loser is China. Even though Beijing also seeks to undo the US-led “normative” international order, on the economic front, it may lose ground to its competitors in the Global South due to its higher labor costs.</p><br />
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<p>In truth, however, Moscow does not have a free hand. Putin’s strategy will be a success only as long as China believes tolerating Russia is preferable to pulling the plug on their relationship. If Chinese President Xi Jinping decides that Putin’s maneuvers create unacceptable problems between China and the US and globally, then China will exert pressure and Russia will have to back down. Russia may be a fortress economy with a formidable supply of fossil fuels, but it cannot do without the economic heft of its much more populous southern neighbor.</p><br />
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<p>At the same time, Russia and China both command a significant amount of soft power. We saw this in the June 2024 Ukraine peace summit held in Bürgenstock, Switzerland: No emerging economy present in the conference sided with Ukraine. In fact, most of the world is sitting back and watching the Russia–Ukraine war because, even three decades after the fall of the Soviet Union, Moscow still has significant power in the Global South in a way China doesn’t. For its own part, China is locked in a symbiotic relationship with Russia that is much more complicated than simple comparisons of power will suggest.</p><br />
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<p>Handling a troublesome partner will prove to be a thorny task for Xi.</p><br />
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<p><em>[Lucas Gonçalves wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
Ukraine keeps warm diplomatic ties with the West. This includes Ukrainian President Volodimir Zelensky’s July 11 appearance at the NATO summit in Washington, DC, to bolster the provision of funds and materiel for Ukraine’s war effort against Russia. Likewise, but in the opposite hemisphere,…” post_summery=”Russian President Vladimir Putin recently made a visit to North Korea to secure an arms and labor deal. The meeting shows both Moscow and Pyongyang eager to assert their diplomatic independence from Beijing. Although China is by far the largest economic and military power opposed to the US-backed international order, it may have considerable trouble keeping a lid on its so-called allies.” post-date=”Jul 23, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Exclusive: Russia Has Kicked Off a New Charm Offensive” slug-data=”fo-exclusive-russia-has-kicked-off-a-new-charm-offensive”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-russia-has-kicked-off-a-new-charm-offensive/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Russia-Has-Kicked-Off-a-New-Charm-Offensive-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Russia-Has-Kicked-Off-a-New-Charm-Offensive-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Russia-Has-Kicked-Off-a-New-Charm-Offensive-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/MevP09HkiBY?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Exclusive: Russia Has Kicked Off a New Charm Offensive </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151376″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Glenn-Carle-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151376″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>July 23, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Volatile-Europe-Catches-New-Election-Fever-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/wLPRSCr3Mak” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle’>Glenn Carle</a>” post_date=”July 22, 2024 06:05″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/fo-exclusive-volatile-europe-catches-new-election-fever/” pid=”151346″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>Far-right fever is catching in Europe. During the recent elections for the European Parliament, far-right parties won 25% of the 720 seats. In the last election, they won 20%. While this may not seem like a big jump, it is certainly an indicator of an ongoing trend.</p><br />
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<p>For example, in Germany, the ruling social democratic party was annihilated with only 13.9% of the popular vote. The Conservative Christian Democratic Union won with 30%. In a shocking turn of events, the far-right alternative party <em>Alternative für Deutschland </em>(AFD) came in second with 15.9%. Even though the far-right didn’t win outright, in the former East Germany region, the AFD increased their vote share from 5% to 16% among voters younger than 24. The result is a good litmus test to measure just how far Europe is sliding to the right. </p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>An attempt to break the far-right fever</h2><br />
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<p>France has also become an example of the far-right frenzy. During the elections, the far-right party <em>Rassemblement National </em>(RN) won 32% of the vote. That’s more than double the vote share current French president Emmanuel Macron’s centrist party received. Created in 1972 by the reactionary Jean-Marie Le Pen, the party is now led by his daughter Marine, who has moderated it somewhat. Although she curtailed the neo-fascist elements within the party, RN remains a nationalist, populist party focused on extremely strict immigration controls.</p><br />
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<p>RN has already left its mark on the French market. Bondholders are wary because RN economic policies are weak and promise spending. France could very well be facing potential instability. Fearing this, Macron called for a snap <a href=”https://apnews.com/article/france-election-far-right-macron-193233ade08821a71731980d8a17eb4a” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>election</a>. He hoped to break the far-right fever dominating his country. If people were made to vote again, he reasoned, they may remeasure the RN. </p><br />
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<p>If the RN won, RN’s Jordan Bardella would have been declared France’s next prime minister. Because the French constitution allows the head of government to be from a different party than the head of state, Macron would face a fractured and unstable political situation. However, France appears to have avoided disaster for the moment. Leftist and centrist candidates were able to cooperate, dropping out in each other’s favor when one held the edge. In the final result, RN came merely in third place. However, they had still increased their vote share significantly.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Why is this happening?</h2><br />
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<p>During the Cold War, there wasn’t a call for concern regarding the far-right — most countries were more concerned about the rise of communism. Now, however, a mass reaction against uncontrolled immigration has contributed to the rise of the far-right. France, for example, needed North African immigrants for factory work. However, these immigrant workers were never integrated into the society and culture. This created a significant “us vs. them” chasm. Europeans feared immigrants would threaten their “pure” society.</p><br />
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<p>The biggest issue, therefore, lies in assimilation. A new population or culture is viewed as exotic up until it reaches 10% of the dominant population. As soon as it reaches that point, the population is suddenly viewed as disruptive and is rejected from the dominant society. It also takes about three generations for an immigrant family to fully integrate. That’s a long time. Something needs to be done about integration and immigration quicker.</p><br />
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<p>The far-right has chosen to point their fingers in the direction of immigration as the cause of sociological issues. In actuality, the blame lies with the political elites who have failed to formulate proper immigration policies. A modern fault line runs through politics: Politicians rely too heavily on spin and not enough on real problems to receive votes. The lack of leadership in acknowledging present problems, most notably immigration, has led to a rise in populist, far-right leaders. </p><br />
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<p>With the rise in inflation, cost of living, and unemployment, people turn to scapegoats to blame. They have found an easy one in immigration issues. So when a charismatic, populist leader comes along promising an end to such issues, it’s only natural that the voter population will begin to turn right.</p><br />
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<p>As this trend continues, there will be a strengthening of nationalism. Such a rise gives way to a decline in protectionism and multilateralism. A new world order is asserting itself, and it seems like European social democracy is increasingly discredited.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”http://www.linkedin.com/in/cheyennetorres” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Cheyenne Torres</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
Far-right fever is catching in Europe. During the recent elections for the European Parliament, far-right parties won 25% of the 720 seats. In the last election, they won 20%. While this may not seem like a big jump, it is certainly an indicator of an ongoing trend. For example, in Germany, the…” post_summery=”In a shocking turn of events, the recent elections for the European Parliament ended up electing many far-right parties. The ongoing trend in the rising popularity of far-right and neo-fascist politics comes as a result of increasing fears over uncontrolled immigration. Political elites are more focused on containing populism than on creating solutions for the immigration problem.” post-date=”Jul 22, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Exclusive: Volatile Europe Catches New Election Fever” slug-data=”fo-exclusive-volatile-europe-catches-new-election-fever”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/fo-exclusive-volatile-europe-catches-new-election-fever/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Volatile-Europe-Catches-New-Election-Fever-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Volatile-Europe-Catches-New-Election-Fever-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Volatile-Europe-Catches-New-Election-Fever-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/wLPRSCr3Mak?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Exclusive: Volatile Europe Catches New Election Fever </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151346″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Glenn-Carle-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151346″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>July 22, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Hezbollah-and-Israel-Tensions-Continue-to-Worsen-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/asQ6ml135o4″ post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle’>Glenn Carle</a>” post_date=”July 18, 2024 05:04″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/fo-exclusive-hezbollah-and-israel-tensions-continue-to-worsen/” pid=”151309″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>Tensions have been rising between Israel and Hezbollah. Hezbollah — an Islamist militia that has more armed men than Lebanon’s army — has been warning of war with Israel with “no red lines.” Hezbollah has been firing missiles into northern Israel, which has led to the evacuation of 90,000 Israelis from the region. Authorities have evacuated a 20-kilometer zone in northern Israel, estimated to be about 10% of the country’s length.</p><br />
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<p>Hezbollah has also threatened to implicate the southwestern Greek side of Cyprus in the conflict due to an agreement Greece has with Israel. These events all come at a time when Israel is divided and many Israeli government officials have lost faith in Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Israel and Hezbollah have a long history of conflict </h2><br />
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<p>In 1982, Israel’s conservative leaders thought that the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was creating unbearable problems. There were terrorist attacks from Lebanon. Israel invaded Lebanon to push the PLO away from the border and destroy them. The Israelis very quickly took control of southern Lebanon and they fundamentally destroyed the PLO there. Since then, for the last four decades, the Iran-backed Hezbollah has replaced it.</p><br />
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<div class=”post-thumbnail”><img width=”100%” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Lebanon_Jul06.png” alt=”” class=”wp-image-149862″ /> <p class=”caption” style=”text-align: center”>Approximate areas of Hezbollah influence in 2006. Via Orthuberra on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0).</p><br />
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<p>In 2006, Israel thought that Hezbollah was causing too many problems and went to war with Hezbollah. This war emerged as a mixed military success, but, as states learn time and time again, a military cannot fix political and social problems on its own. The 2006 war strengthened Hezbollah, and Hezbollah’s ally Iran came to back Hamas against Israel as well.</p><br />
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<p>For years now, there has been tit-for-tat testing and point-making going back and forth between the two sides. Israel strikes a Hezbollah command building, killing some of Hezbollah’s leaders; Hezbollah responds by sending a commando into Israeli territory; Israeli forces killed him. The frequency of incidents like these has increased dramatically since the October 2023 breakout of war between Israel and Hamas.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/liam-roman-236863232″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Liam Roman</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
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Tensions have been rising between Israel and Hezbollah. Hezbollah — an Islamist militia that has more armed men than Lebanon’s army — has been warning of war with Israel with “no red lines.” Hezbollah has been firing missiles into northern Israel, which has led to the evacuation of…” post_summery=”As Israel continues its war against Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah looms across the border. War could break out at any time. FO° Editor-in-Chief Atul Singh and retired CIA officer Glenn Carle discuss the current tensions and the history of antagonism between the Jewish state and this Islamist militia.” post-date=”Jul 18, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Exclusive: Hezbollah and Israel Tensions Continue to Worsen” slug-data=”fo-exclusive-hezbollah-and-israel-tensions-continue-to-worsen”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/fo-exclusive-hezbollah-and-israel-tensions-continue-to-worsen/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Hezbollah-and-Israel-Tensions-Continue-to-Worsen-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Hezbollah-and-Israel-Tensions-Continue-to-Worsen-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Hezbollah-and-Israel-Tensions-Continue-to-Worsen-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/asQ6ml135o4?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Exclusive: Hezbollah and Israel Tensions Continue to Worsen </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151309″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Glenn-Carle-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151309″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>July 18, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Divided-Israel-Faces-New-Hezbollah-Threats-and-Rising-US-Tensions-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/VZb59XojMls” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/josef-olmert’>Josef Olmert</a>” post_date=”July 11, 2024 05:59″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-divided-israel-faces-new-hezbollah-threats-and-rising-us-tensions/” pid=”151040″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>In this edition of <em>FO° Talks, </em>Fair Observer Editor-in-Chief Atul Singh discusses the rising tensions between Israel and Hezbollah with Josef Olmert, a professor of Middle Eastern studies and former Israeli government official. Tensions in the region have been rising recently, and Hezbollah chief is warning of a war with Israel with no red lines. Relations between Israel and the United States have also worsened because Israel claims the US is not delivering weapons to support its fight against Hamas in Gaza.</p><br />
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<p>Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has dissolved his war cabinet due to the <a href=”https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/17/israels-netanyahu-dissolved-the-war-cabinet-does-it-matter#:~:text=Israeli%20Prime%20Minister%20Benjamin%20Netanyahu,being%20pressured%20to%20add%20members.&text=Israel’s%20Prime%20Minister%20Benjamin%20Netanyahu,his%20principal%20rival%2C%20Benny%20Gantz” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>departure</a> of two former generals, Benny Gantz and Gadi Eisenkot. The other reason why Netanyahu dissolved the war cabinet is he wants to reassert himself as number one or “supremo” who calls the shots.</p><br />
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<p>Olmert speculates that the policy Netanyahu is enacting is based on his understanding of public opinion polls and expectations from his base. It is becoming apparent that Netanyahu’s base is starting to come back to him. The public opinion polls in Israel could get slightly less than an election. This is becoming a possible trend, and it shows that Netanyahu is starting to pick up votes that he lost to the right wing because he appeared weak.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Hezbollah is ready to rumble</h2><br />
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<p>How does all of this affect what is happening on the ground in Gaza? Israel’s assault on the southern city of Rafah is progressing, but the overall format of the situation is still the same. Time is not on Israel’s side. The more fighting goes on, the more pressures will build, and unexpected situations can develop.</p><br />
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<p>Israel risks fighting a two-front war if it does not end its war with Hamas. To the north, in Lebanon, the Shia militant group Hezbollah looms over the border. Israel heavily outguns Hezbollah and defeated them in a 2006 war, but it never succeeded in destroying the group. Hezbollah has maintained its readiness to go to war with Israel. Hezbollah is a close ally of Iran, Israel’s most powerful and implacable adversary.</p><br />
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<p>Israel and Hezbollah have exchanged limited attacks across the border already. Both Lebanon and Israel have had to evacuate citizens in near the border. Israel has tried to kill as many local Hezbollah commanders as possible, and has see much success, but not enough to deter the threat. They have since started to go after specific targets beyond the south of Lebanon. So far, Hezbollah has not backed down.</p><br />
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<p>Iran has been building Hezbollah up in preparation for their big war with Israel. Iran’s message to Hezbollah has been, “We are building you up for the big war with Israel for another time. Don’t waste your opportunity on something that is not important.” Tehran does not seem to want Hezbollah to enter an all-out war over Gaza, but it appears willing to let Hezbollah keep up the threat of one while harassing Israel’s northern border.</p><br />
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<p>Hezbollah is the most powerful armed faction in Lebanon and has long functioned as a quasi-government in the territories it controls. However, the militant group is no longer a defender of Lebanon’s territorial integrity. Instead, it appears willing to compromise Lebanon’s security in order to punish Israel. Its leaders see it as the power that will be used against Israel whenever they do something in Gaza or wherever else. So far, they have exercised this power only in limited strikes.</p><br />
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<p>There may come the day when Israel says enough is enough in the north, and they have the ability to cause immeasurable destruction. </p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/liam-roman-236863232/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Liam Roman</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
In this edition of FO° Talks, Fair Observer Editor-in-Chief Atul Singh discusses the rising tensions between Israel and Hezbollah with Josef Olmert, a professor of Middle Eastern studies and former Israeli government official. Tensions in the region have been rising recently, and Hezbollah chief…” post_summery=”Tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have been rising. Israel risks fighting a two-front war if it does not end its war with Hamas in Gaza. Iran has been building up Hezbollah to prepare them for their big war with Israel, which Hezbollah has warned will be a war with no red lines.” post-date=”Jul 11, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: Divided Israel Faces New Hezbollah Threats and Rising US Tensions” slug-data=”fo-talks-divided-israel-faces-new-hezbollah-threats-and-rising-us-tensions”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-divided-israel-faces-new-hezbollah-threats-and-rising-us-tensions/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Divided-Israel-Faces-New-Hezbollah-Threats-and-Rising-US-Tensions-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Divided-Israel-Faces-New-Hezbollah-Threats-and-Rising-US-Tensions-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Divided-Israel-Faces-New-Hezbollah-Threats-and-Rising-US-Tensions-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/VZb59XojMls?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: Divided Israel Faces New Hezbollah Threats and Rising US Tensions </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-151040″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Josef-Olmert-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-151040″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/josef-olmert”>Josef Olmert</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>July 11, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/The-Evolving-Role-of-Diplomats-in-a-New-World-Order-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/6gLry-NtBLU” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/jean-daniel-ruch’>Jean-Daniel Ruch</a>” post_date=”June 26, 2024 06:16″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-the-evolving-role-of-diplomats-in-a-new-world-order/” pid=”150822″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>In this edition of <em>FO° Talks</em>, Fair Observer Chief Strategy Officer Peter Isackson speaks with Jean-Daniel Ruch, who served as Switzerland’s ambassador to Serbia, Turkey and Israel. Ruch was also a political advisor to the prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Isackson and Ruch delve into the evolving role of diplomacy in the 21st century.</p><br />
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<p>Traditionally, the role of the diplomat has been to promote peace by keeping political leaders informed. Diplomats serve not only as their government’s voice but as its eyes and ears in world capitals. They speak with important leaders, assess the mood and motivations of their host country and relay their assessments back home. These assessments are vital for giving political leaders the options they need to best manage relations and avoid or end war.</p><br />
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<p>In the era of modern warfare, however, things have changed. The West is involved in two ongoing wars in Ukraine and Gaza. In these conflicts, governments increasingly rely on intelligence services and military intelligence to provide assessments and recommend policy options. This trend has reached a tipping point that has now endowed intelligence services with greater influence in defining policy than diplomats. Political leaders have largely sidelined diplomats, relegating them to the role of mouthpieces who announce decisions they have already made in consultation with intelligence.</p><br />
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<p>This is a dangerous trend. An intelligence analyst is not a substitute for a diplomat. Diplomats bring a unique and invaluable perspective to the table. They seek to comprehend not only their nation’s interests but also the complex web of interests of all actors involved. Effective diplomats develop an acute understanding of the concept of indivisible security, which is to say, the security and interests of all of the actors involved. While intelligence and the military focus on security alone, diplomats have the task of bringing into the equation essential political, historical, cultural and religious aspects, making their role pivotal in shaping policy options.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>The legacy of Cold War tensions</h2><br />
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<p>The issues in Israel have become a diplomat’s nightmare. Diplomats have been crying for a <a href=”https://www.cirsd.org/en/horizons/horizons-spring-2024–issue-no-26/is-the-two-state-solution-still-feasible” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>two-state solution</a> between Israel and Palestine, but nothing has come of their repeated attempts. Part of the issue with a two-state solution is that no major political capital has been willing to invest in finding and implementing a solution.</p><br />
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<p>Russia is the other major problem that diplomats must now deal with. Ruch maintains that the war in Ukraine could potentially have been avoided, well before the Russian invasion. When Vladimir Putin became president in 2000, US President Bill Clinton was finishing up his second term. Putin met with Clinton and suggested the idea of Russia joining NATO. Clinton appeared favorable to the suggestion, but later that same day, when the two met again, Clinton explained that his people told him Russia’s joining NATO was not possible.</p><br />
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<p>Europeans have debated the question of pan-European security for decades. Moscow advocated but never implemented ot. French President Macron at various times before, and even after the Russian invasion he was favorable to a solution based on this principle, but to no effect. </p><br />
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<p>The issues with Russia have always been present, and this is because the mentality of the Cold War never disappeared. The West perceived the Soviets as a threat to the West because they came with a totally different model of society. After the Cold War, the US and the Soviets needed to reach some kind of mutual understanding, if only to prevent a nuclear holocaust, which the world came close to experiencing during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. The most important of these agreements was the <a href=”https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/trty/101888.htm” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>ABM Treaty</a> of 1972. George W. Bush scrapped this treaty in the early 2000s at the same time he was launching new wars in the Middle East.</p><br />
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<p>Since those events, mistrust has become a dominant factor in the relationship between Washington and Moscow.<br><br><em>[Jean-Daniel Ruch’s latest book, </em>Crimes, Hate, Tremors: From One Cold War to the Other, in Pursuit of Peace and Justice<em>, is now available on <a href=”https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0D6Z4QB16″>Amazon</a>.]</em></p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/liam-roman-236863232/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Liam Roman</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
In this edition of FO° Talks, Fair Observer Chief Strategy Officer Peter Isackson speaks with Jean-Daniel Ruch, who served as Switzerland’s ambassador to Serbia, Turkey and Israel. Ruch was also a political advisor to the prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former…” post_summery=”In the latest FO° Talks, Peter Isackson interviews Jean-Daniel Ruch, a seasoned diplomat and political advisor, discussing the evolving role of diplomacy in the 21st century. Diplomats face new challenges in promoting peace amid modern warfare, with intelligence services influencing policy decisions. Ruch emphasizes the critical perspective diplomats bring, particularly in addressing political, historical, and religious aspects in shaping policy options.” post-date=”Jun 26, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: The Evolving Role of Diplomats in a New World Order” slug-data=”fo-talks-the-evolving-role-of-diplomats-in-a-new-world-order”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-the-evolving-role-of-diplomats-in-a-new-world-order/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/The-Evolving-Role-of-Diplomats-in-a-New-World-Order-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/The-Evolving-Role-of-Diplomats-in-a-New-World-Order-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/The-Evolving-Role-of-Diplomats-in-a-New-World-Order-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/6gLry-NtBLU?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: The Evolving Role of Diplomats in a New World Order </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150822″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Jean-Daniel-Ruch-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150822″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/jean-daniel-ruch”>Jean-Daniel Ruch</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/peter-isackson’>Peter Isackson</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 26, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Make-Sense-of-Indias-Big-Young-Democracy-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/fohOFe8jt90″ post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/tripurdaman-singh’>Tripurdaman Singh</a>” post_date=”June 23, 2024 05:41″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-make-sense-of-indias-big-young-democracy/” pid=”150734″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>Indians believe strongly in the robustness of their democracy, but the recent political climate has been tense and volatile. Both India’s political system and its constitution make it somewhat unique among democracies. Amidst accusations of authoritarian tendencies and democratic backsliding, Prime Minister Narendra Modi attempts to carry out his policy agendas to improve India’s place in the global order.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Crash course: India’s Parliamentary Democracy</h2><br />
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<p>India’s democratic system mimics that of Westminster, with a bicameral parliament. The upper house is known as the <em>Rajya Sabha</em>, the house of the states. It consists of members of parliament elected by state legislatures, with each member serving six years. The lower house, known as the <em>Lok Sabha</em>, the house of the people, is formed via general election. This is where most of the legislative action takes place.</p><br />
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<p>While many consider India’s democratic system to be remarkably stable, there are a few unique elements within the system that pose challenges of their own. Two of these differences are worth noting. The first is the anti-defection law, passed in 1985, which prohibits members of parliament from defecting to another party. While originally created as a stabilization mechanism, the anti-defection law has in actuality led to greater dysfunction and power imbalances. </p><br />
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<p>The second significant element is the immense power that the executive branch holds. The executive decides when to summon and prorogue parliament, and acts in place of the legislature when parliament is not in session. Generally, parliament convenes three times a year, with longer prorogation periods. These two functions in particular allow the executive to dominate India’s parliamentary democracy. </p><br />
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<p>However, the parliamentary system is not the only unique aspect of India’s government. India’s constitution is extraordinarily long, having been amended over 100 times and consisting of 448 articles. The American constitution has only seven. India’s constitution is by far the longest constitution of any independent state, and it is the second-longest constitution in use anywhere, after Alabama’s. As democracy was a new experiment for India, the length of the constitution was an attempt at providing more structure and stability to ensure the system survived.</p><br />
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<p>The first amendment to India’s constitution allowed the government to restrict freedom of speech and expression, which had been granted in the original constitution. This amendment was introduced by India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, who was unable to handle the backlash he received during his time in office. The inclusion of this amendment in the constitution allowed Nehru’s government to crack down on sedition in the media and public sphere, a tactic which many accuse India’s current prime minister of leveraging. </p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Democratic backsliding and authoritarianism</h2><br />
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<p>Although India is the world’s largest democracy, and a remarkably reliable one at that, contentious themes from Modi’s time in office have brought up concerns of democratic backsliding in India. Some claim Modi has authoritarian tendencies and is actively leading India down an anti-democratic path, especially in light of his government’s sometimes violent harassment of journalists and activists. </p><br />
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<p>While Modi’s government has indeed levied legislation to clamp down on critics, tame media, and influence discourse, he is certainly not unique in this aspect. These political tactics have been in use long before his time. However, Modi tends to be more autocratic in his demeanor and approach to politics, which is where much of the criticism stems from. </p><br />
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<p>That being said, Modi has been widely successful thus far within the bounds of the current constitution. Thus, it seems unlikely he will propose any constitutional changes in the near future. The system has worked for him in the past and will likely continue to do so.</p><br />
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<p>Additionally, the democratic system in India is not necessarily weaker or more unstable than it has been historically. For example, multiparty coalitions were a significant challenge in the early 1990s, as excessive diversity limited the effectiveness and power of the parties. In India, the current political landscape is much more a result of power politics and how they shape governments than it is representative of democratic backsliding. Even given incidents where Modi has suppressed of free speech, concerns regarding true democratic backsliding are largely unfounded.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Modi’s failures and triumphs</h2><br />
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<p>While Modi’s image has been tarnished by many, the prime minister has done a significant amount to promote domestic development and improve India’s standing in the world. There has been tremendous investment in infrastructure, vast subsidies to boost development in certain sectors, a dedication to improving public facilities and providing access to energy resources in rural communities, and positive economic growth. </p><br />
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<p>The job market, which has remained largely stagnant, is one area which Modi seems to overlook. However, there are significant obstacles standing in the way that cannot necessarily be attributed to him. While these challenges should certainly be addressed in the coming years, it does not seem to be a significant platform issue for Modi at this point in time. </p><br />
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<p>Modi’s recent reelection secures his spot in the pantheon of greats as he enters his third consecutive term. While this development certainly cements his power in some aspects, political landscapes change quickly and longevity is not guaranteed. Despite these shifting and at times contentious climates, India’s democracy is alive and well and the future remains bright.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/emmaserenityjohnson/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Emma Johnson</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
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Indians believe strongly in the robustness of their democracy, but the recent political climate has been tense and volatile. Both India’s political system and its constitution make it somewhat unique among democracies. Amidst accusations of authoritarian tendencies and democratic backsliding,…” post_summery=”From April to June 2024, India held its latest round of general elections for the lower house of parliament. Known as the world’s largest democracy, India has distinctive characteristics in both its parliamentary system and constitution, setting it apart from the Westminster system after which it is modeled. Amidst the implications of these structural differences and the current prime minister’s approach to governance, there are fears of democratic backsliding and the rise of authoritarianism in India.” post-date=”Jun 23, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: Make Sense of India’s Big, Young Democracy” slug-data=”fo-talks-make-sense-of-indias-big-young-democracy”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-make-sense-of-indias-big-young-democracy/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Make-Sense-of-Indias-Big-Young-Democracy-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Make-Sense-of-Indias-Big-Young-Democracy-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Make-Sense-of-Indias-Big-Young-Democracy-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/fohOFe8jt90?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: Make Sense of India’s Big, Young Democracy </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150734″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/tripurdaman-singh-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150734″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/tripurdaman-singh”>Tripurdaman Singh</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/christopher-schell’>Christopher Roper Schell</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 23, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Make-Sense-of-the-Metaverse-Its-Promise-and-Peril-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/W4xZZQbqsYo” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/dirk-lueth’>Dirk Lueth</a>” post_date=”June 21, 2024 05:06″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-make-sense-of-the-metaverse-its-promise-and-peril/” pid=”150708″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>Webster’s dictionary <a href=”https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaverse” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>defines</a> “metaverse” as “a persistent virtual environment that allows access to … multiple individual virtual realities.” In truth, though, there is no static definition. Much like the internet, the metaverse is constantly evolving.</p><br />
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<p>In just a decade, the internet morphed from an army research project into the birthplace of emails; soon afterward, a whole ecosystem of online services flourished, crashed in the year 2000, and reproliferated afterward into everything from social media like Twitter and Facebook to shopping services like Amazon. Following that trajectory, the metaverse takes current advancements one step further: breaking the fourth wall and translating the real world into a virtual simulation. Enabling virtual concerts, 3D video games, personalized avatars and even virtual economies.</p><br />
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<p>Dirk Lueth is the co-founder and CEO of Upland, a virtual property trading game structured around Monopoly, using real-life buildings. In creating Upland, Lueth pursues “The Magic Triangle”, an ecosystem of the metaverse, blockchain and AI. The metaverse enables virtual interactions, while blockchain validates real assets for digital commerce, and AI generates a virtual setting. </p><br />
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<p>In addition to property trading, over 2,000 entrepreneurs, or “metaventures”, run their virtual shops in Upland. Players can purchase virtual goods for their avatars, generating a digital economy. In the future, Upland plans to incorporate physical items into these shops.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Where are we going with this new technology?</h2><br />
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<p>Naturally, questions and anxiety arise whenever technology opens up new possibilities. Many worry that the metaverse may distract from the real world. But the metaverse doesn’t just have to be an enclosed space; it can integrate with the real world, allowing people to interact with their physical surroundings in an enhanced — or augmented — way. In other words, the metaverse is portable. Users don’t have to sit in front of a computer.</p><br />
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<p>In 2016, the mobile game Pokémon GO was a viral hit that sent users outside. That summer, parks filled with kids walking and enjoying fresh air with their friends while they collected and battled virtual creatures. Rather than passive media consumption, the metaverse can enable mutual interactions where users engage socially and can exercise critical thinking. As Lueth puts succinctly, “You go from scrolling to strolling.”</p><br />
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<p>Still, even with the benefit of exercise, prolonged screen time will cause strain. Scientist and technologist Bill Softky warned about screen addiction, damage to the eyes and brain, and social media fixation.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”recommend-heading”>Related Reading</h2><br />
<!– /wp:html –> <!– wp:media-text {“mediaId”:79586,”mediaLink”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/screen-addiction-computer-vision-syndrome-tech-news-technology-news/”,”linkDestination”:”custom”,”mediaType”:”image”,”mediaWidth”:42} –><br />
<div class=”wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile” style=”grid-template-columns:42% auto”><figure class=”wp-block-media-text__media”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/more/science/screen-addiction-technology-news-overusing-computer-screens-science-news-38012/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Screen-addiction-computer-vision-syndrome-tech-news-technology-news.jpg” alt=”Screen addiction, addicted to screen, computer vision syndrome, shortsightedness, computer usage, technology, science, William Softky, technology news, news on tech” class=”wp-image-79586 size-full”/></a></figure><div class=”wp-block-media-text__content”><!– wp:heading –><br />
<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/more/science/screen-addiction-technology-news-overusing-computer-screens-science-news-38012/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>10 Physics Reasons Why Screens Are Bad for Humans</a></h2><br />
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<p>Nausea can be another side effect of virtual reality. Your senses of sight and hearing tell you that you are moving while your senses of balance and touch tell you that you are still. The disconnect does not sit well physiologically. However, while we suffer, younger generations who grew up with virtual reality headsets have already adapted. They’re immune to the nausea because they don’t find the sensory experience unusual. </p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>The Metaverse in the Next Ten Years</h2><br />
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<p>In a virtual environment, education can become a more interactive process. You can visit the Taj Mahal, a much more authentic experience in 3D, than reading about it or looking at a photograph. This new form of learning can extend socially as well: Users across the world can meet over similar interests, exchanging cultural and creative expressions.</p><br />
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<p>We have yet to scratch the surface of the possibilities. Many new spaces will open up. Plausibly, the new technology will render many jobs obsolete, but at the same time the Magic Triangle will create new roles. The opportunities might not be familiar now, but they will reveal themselves with timely demand. Thirty years ago, few people knew what coders were. Now, the trade employs <a href=”https://www.statista.com/statistics/627312/worldwide-developer-population/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>millions</a>. </p><br />
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<p>Lueth predicts that, in ten years, the metaverse will be fully integrated into society, the way that video conferencing is now. The metaverse will likely be considered a convenience, rather than an abstract “technology.”</p><br />
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<p>Another factor is greater personalization. Currently, every platform — Facebook, Google, Microsoft — determines how the user experience will unfold. The metaverse can enable a more user-centric rather than platform-centric approach. “You own your data,” Lueth describes. “You own your identity, and your digital asset. You can take those assets from one world to another.”</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/jamie-l-a01838a8/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Jamie Leung</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
Webster’s dictionary defines “metaverse” as “a persistent virtual environment that allows access to … multiple individual virtual realities.” In truth, though, there is no static definition. Much like the internet, the metaverse is constantly evolving. In just a decade, the internet…” post_summery=”Virtual reality is now here. Far from an escape from physical reality, the metaverse can integrate with and enhance the real world. In ten years, the metaverse will create new jobs, new experiences and new kinds of interaction that we are only now beginning to imagine.” post-date=”Jun 21, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: Make Sense of the Metaverse, Its Promise and Peril” slug-data=”fo-talks-make-sense-of-the-metaverse-its-promise-and-peril”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-make-sense-of-the-metaverse-its-promise-and-peril/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Make-Sense-of-the-Metaverse-Its-Promise-and-Peril-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Make-Sense-of-the-Metaverse-Its-Promise-and-Peril-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Make-Sense-of-the-Metaverse-Its-Promise-and-Peril-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/W4xZZQbqsYo?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: Make Sense of the Metaverse, Its Promise and Peril </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150708″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Dirk-5-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150708″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/dirk-lueth”>Dirk Lueth</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 21, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Benny-Gantz-Goes-Make-Sense-of-Israels-New-Crisis-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/YqrkdFXWnbs” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/josef-olmert’>Josef Olmert</a>” post_date=”June 15, 2024 06:16″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-benny-gantz-goes-make-sense-of-israels-new-crisis/” pid=”150624″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>On June 9, Benny Gantz resigned from the three-man Israeli war cabinet. A centrist, he was a moderating force on Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Yet Gantz has thrown in the towel, decrying Netanyahu’s handling of the ongoing Israeli military operation against Hamas in Gaza.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Who is Benny Gantz?</h2><br />
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<p>Gantz is a career military officer and served as commander-in-chief of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) until 2015. In 2018, he entered politics, forming the new Israel Resilience party. The new party did relatively well, establishing Gantz as an important figure in the center-left. Over time, Gantz shifted closer to the center or even slightly toward the center-right.</p><br />
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<p>In 2023, after the Israel–Hamas war broke out, Gantz joined the new war cabinet alongside Netanyahu and Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, a member of Netanyahu’s Likud party. Gantz’s fellow party member Gadi Eisenkot, who had also served as commander-in-chief of the IDF, and Likud member Ron Dermer served as observers.</p><br />
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<p>Gantz joined the war cabinet for a mixture of patriotic and political reasons. He told his supporters that he would serve as the sane man in the room, ensuring that Israel’s war effort be conducted competently and acting as a counterbalance to the extreme right-wing parties that Netanyahu relies on for political support. He also hoped to gain political prominence by placing himself firmly in the center of Israeli political life. For a while, the gamble paid off for him — Gantz’s approval ratings shot up in the first months after the war. However, as the war dragged on and Israeli citizens realized that Gantz didn’t have as much influence over Netanyahu as he had promised, his ratings slumped.</p><br />
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<p>Netanyahu’s hawkish approach to the war proved to be too much for Gantz to bear. He tendered his resignation, citing Netanyahu’s unwillingness to listen to his fellow ministers. A critic could observe that Gantz was wrong to think Netanyahu would listen from the start.</p><br />
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<p>Gantz leaves Gallant behind in the war cabinet. The defense minister had served as a balancing person in the three-member war cabinet. Although a member of Netanyahu’s Likud party, he often joined Gantz in attempting to reign Netanyahu in. Gantz even called on Gallant to realize the untenability of his position and resign along with him. Yet Gallant has stayed on. However, he seems to be resisting Netanyahu at every turn.</p><br />
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<p>Aside from Gallant, the vast majority of the Likud members of parliament support their leader Netanyahu. The prime minister’s personal brand now overshadows Israel’s national conservative party. Netanyahu’s other supporters in parliament are religious Haredi Jewish parties and radical right-wing Zionists like Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben-Gvir. Ben-Gvir is a West Bank settler and has called for Jewish settlement in Gaza. Whenever the war effort faces a setback and Netanyahu loses face, it is Ben-Gvir who picks up disaffected right-wing votes. Yet Netanyahu is a shrewd political player and, so far, remains the key man. Neither the Haredis nor the extreme Zionists can govern without the Likud leader.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Why did Gantz resign?</h2><br />
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<p>For the time being, Netanyahu remains firmly in power. He does not need the support of his centrist fellow minister Gantz. Yet in his departure, Gantz voiced concerns that resonate in many parts of Israel.</p><br />
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<p>Above all, Gantz complained that the war has been going on too long. It is not clear that there is any military necessity for Israel to continue its invasion of Gaza. The IDF are unlikely to subdue Hamas to any greater extent than they already have. Netanyahu is dragging the war on for his own personal selfish reasons. In 2019, Netanyahu was indicted on corruption charges. As long as the war continues, there will not be elections and he will remain prime minister. Until then, he will very conveniently not face prosecution. So, it is in Netanyahu’s interest to delay as long as possible.</p><br />
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<p>Gantz’s second chief criticism is that Netanyahu brooks no compromise regarding the postwar governance of Gaza. All agree that Hamas will have no role, but many moderates and the US want the Palestinian Authority (PA), which currently administers the West Bank, to govern after the IDF withdraws. Openness towards this option would secure the support of many Arab states and make a peace settlement far more feasible. Yet Netanyahu will not budge. The right wing of his coalition sees any step towards PA sovereignty in Gaza as a step towards PA sovereignty in the West Bank — and Ben-Gvir will not be turning in the keys to his residence in Hebron any time soon.</p><br />
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<p>So, Gantz has given up on talking to a wall. Indeed, Netanyahu no longer seems to have any plan except to wait and see.</p><br />
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<p>What is he waiting for? A more favorable administration in Washington following the US presidential election this November? A sudden change of heart in Riyadh, with the Saudi monarchy offering normalization without the promise of Arab governance in Gaza? A collapse of Hamas? None of these things are likely to help him even if they did happen. Yet, he has no better options than to wait.</p><br />
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<p>Netanyahu is not a fool. He is a competent political player. But he is better at playing political games and staying in power than he is at grand strategy and achieving Israel’s long term goals. For now, the ship of the State of Israel seems more or less rudderless.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Will US–Israel relations now sour?</h2><br />
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<p>Without the moderating presence of Gantz, one may ask whether Jerusalem will now have even more trouble talking to Washington.</p><br />
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<p>US President Joe Biden is an ardent supporter of Israel. He has even described himself as a Zionist. Yet this Democrat does not get along well with the Likud leader. In the past, Netanyahu has made no secret of his preference for Republicans, either.</p><br />
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<p>In recent months, tensions between Biden and Netanyahu have skyrocketed. Biden is growing impatient with Netanyahu’s refusal of to accept ceasefire. Netanyahu is growing impatient with the White House telling him what to do.</p><br />
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<p>Yet, despite Netanyahu’s seemingly impossible situation, it is Biden who has more to lose. The US president is playing a dangerous game. While Arab Americans and other Democratic constituents have voiced their displeasure with US support for Israel, polling reveals that an even greater number of Democrats blame Biden for not supporting Israel <em>enough</em>. They are disgruntled that the White House appears to have taken a turn against the Jewish State.</p><br />
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<p>The US is home to the second-largest population of Jews in the world. Jewish Americans traditionally vote Democrat and are a well-organized interest group. Large Jewish populations in Phoenix, Las Vegas, Atlanta and Philadelphia might express their displeasure by staying home in November. This could tip the crucial swing states of Arizona, Nevada, Georgia and Pennsylvania in Republican candidate Donald Trump’s favor and possibly lose Biden the election. Already, moderate Democrats like Pennsylvania Senator John Fetterman and West Virginia senator Joe Manchin are beginning to break ranks with the president. Biden may no longer have the political freedom to put pressure on Israel.</p><br />
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<p>The war serves none of America’s interests. It will not subdue Hamas, nor will it lead to a rapprochement between Israel and Iraq. Rapprochement between Israel and Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, will likely occur de facto with or without the war. Meanwhile, the war is destabilizing the Middle East and enflaming Islamist and anti-Western sentiment around the world. So, America’s interest is to end the war as quickly as possible. As things stand in Jerusalem, however, it is not clear that Washington will have any success.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/anton-schauble” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Anton Schauble</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
On June 9, Benny Gantz resigned from the three-man Israeli war cabinet. A centrist, he was a moderating force on Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Yet Gantz has thrown in the towel, decrying Netanyahu’s handling of the ongoing Israeli military operation against Hamas in Gaza. Who is Benny…” post_summery=”On June 9, centrist politician Benny Gantz resigned from the three-man Israeli war cabinet. He complained that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu would not listen to him, dragging the Israel–Hamas war on unnecessarily and refusing to contemplate a plausible peace settlement. Yet Netanyahu will stay in office thanks to his far-right coalition allies and impeccably pursue his flawed policy. Neither Gantz nor the White House can stop or sway him.” post-date=”Jun 15, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: Benny Gantz Goes: Make Sense of Israel’s New Crisis” slug-data=”fo-talks-benny-gantz-goes-make-sense-of-israels-new-crisis”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-benny-gantz-goes-make-sense-of-israels-new-crisis/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Benny-Gantz-Goes-Make-Sense-of-Israels-New-Crisis-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Benny-Gantz-Goes-Make-Sense-of-Israels-New-Crisis-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Benny-Gantz-Goes-Make-Sense-of-Israels-New-Crisis-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/YqrkdFXWnbs?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: Benny Gantz Goes: Make Sense of Israel’s New Crisis </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150624″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Josef-Olmert-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150624″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/josef-olmert”>Josef Olmert</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 15, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Rishi-Sunak-Takes-Post-Brexit-UK-to-the-Polls-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/rwm-z6LdRJA” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle’>Glenn Carle</a>” post_date=”June 11, 2024 06:07″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-rishi-sunak-takes-post-brexit-uk-to-the-polls/” pid=”150560″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has announced that the UK’s next general election will take place on July 4, 2024. This election is likely to spell the end for the ruling Conservative Party (commonly known as the Tories), which has governed Britain since 2010 under five prime ministers.</p><br />
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<p>The UK’s political playing field has been in a state of increasing disarray since the Brexit referendum in 2016. Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron called this referendum, expecting the Remain campaign to lose. He resigned after voters returned the opposite result. The Conservatives subsequently saw first Theresa May take up the banner, then Boris Johnson, then Liz Truss (who lasted just seven weeks!) and finally Sunak.</p><br />
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<p>From these Tories to Labour Party leader Keir Starmer, the UK has seen quite an assortment of different flavors of spin politicians. The UK has traditionally produced politicians of high caliber from the legendary Winston Churchill to more recent greats like Margaret Thatcher. The latter-day talent pool seems much shallower. So, where is the UK headed this July?</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Close up of the candidates: All around depressing</h2><br />
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<p>Keeping with trends of the last century, the upcoming election will be a face-off between the Labour Party and the Conservatives. Voters will have two wildly uninspiring candidates to choose between.</p><br />
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<p>While Starmer may indeed appeal to a wider audience through his careful, measured approach to politics, his lack of conviction points to an altogether noncommittal, wishy-washy attitude. Standing in the shadow of Tony Blair, the Labour leader seems content leaving his party and the general public in varying states of confusion and uncertainty as to what he actually hopes to achieve in office and how he plans to go about it. While ambiguity is damaging enough, Starmer makes his own case worse by being, to put it plainly, dull. </p><br />
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<p>Sunak has a similar Achilles heel. His lack of conviction has lost him favor both within his own party and with the general public in recent months. While Sunak may be an overachiever historically, serving as head boy at Winchester College and quickly climbing the political ladder to the position of prime minister, it seems he had what it took to get into office — but not much more. Sunak’s performance hasn’t been an unmitigated disaster: He has met his inflation target, kept the economy (relatively) stable and made small steps toward reducing illegal immigration. However, he has failed to meet the majority of the promises he made to voters and unfortunately lacks the personality to carry him through the headwinds. </p><br />
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<p>“King of Brexit” Boris Johnson, on the other hand, excelled in the personality department — if only due to the fact that he at least <em>had</em> one. While Johnson may not have been the most principled or pragmatic prime minister behind the scenes, he certainly knew how to make a statement, galvanize the troops and throw a good party. In politics, that counts for something. </p><br />
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<p>Shortages in the charisma department could be damaging for both Sunak and Starmer when the votes come in this July, and unfortunately for the both of them, reputation isn’t the only thing these candidates should be worried about as they race toward the finish line.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>The shifting status quo</h2><br />
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<p>Sunak and Starmer are weak characters who will rely on policy agendas, not personality, to carry their campaigns. The public, though, seems to have grown tired of listening.</p><br />
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<p>Social cohesion in the UK is at a low ebb. The fabric of British society is fraying at the seams as the nation experiences economic difficulties, polarizing social classes and the immigrant/native divide.</p><br />
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<p>A strong leader with clear principles could perhaps rise above this division and draw Brits together. But now is a time of stagnation and uncertainty, not strong leaders. Without a passionate candidate to rally behind, the UK will continue down the slippery slope of dysfunction. Transactional, coalition-type politics may be down the road for Westminster.</p><br />
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<p>Once the ruler of a good portion of the world, this island nation now seems dead in the water. If the UK hopes to regain a position of importance in the global order, it must find a way to overcome its political malaise. Only then will Britain finally make it off the bench and back into the game.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/emmaserenityjohnson/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Emma Johnson</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has announced that the UK’s next general election will take place on July 4, 2024. This election is likely to spell the end for the ruling Conservative Party (commonly known as the Tories), which has governed Britain since 2010 under five prime…” post_summery=”British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has set the UK’s next parliamentary elections for July 4, 2024. Since Brexit’s implementation in 2020, this nation has turned increasingly inward, struggling to cope with vapid politicians and the deterioration of social cohesion. This election may determine if the UK is truly losing its relevance on the world stage.” post-date=”Jun 11, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Exclusive: Rishi Sunak Takes Post-Brexit UK to the Polls” slug-data=”fo-exclusive-rishi-sunak-takes-post-brexit-uk-to-the-polls”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-rishi-sunak-takes-post-brexit-uk-to-the-polls/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Rishi-Sunak-Takes-Post-Brexit-UK-to-the-Polls-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Rishi-Sunak-Takes-Post-Brexit-UK-to-the-Polls-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Rishi-Sunak-Takes-Post-Brexit-UK-to-the-Polls-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/rwm-z6LdRJA?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Exclusive: Rishi Sunak Takes Post-Brexit UK to the Polls </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150560″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Glenn-Carle-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150560″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 11, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Irans-President-Falls-Out-of-the-Sky-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/1V4wqzlNkFA” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle’>Glenn Carle</a>” post_date=”June 06, 2024 06:08″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-irans-president-falls-out-of-the-sky/” pid=”150478″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>On May 19, 2024, Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi and Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian perished in a helicopter disaster. They <a href=”https://mawratanews.lk/news/iranian-president-killed-in-helicopter-crash-confirms-irans-foreign-ministry-occurs-one-month-after-sri-lanka-visit-for-uma-oya-project-inauguration/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>crashed</a> in Iran’s mountainous Dismar Forest, near the Azerbaijan border.</p><br />
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<p>There is no indication of foul play at work here. It seems the crash was caused by a combination of bad decision-making by the pilot, dismal weather conditions and a poorly maintained helicopter. The craft was a Bell 212 <a href=”https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-we-know-about-crashed-helicopter-carrying-irans-president-2024-05-20/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>model</a> from the 1960s, so it needed to be well maintained to operate for all these years, which US sanctions have made difficult.</p><br />
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<p>Raisi’s sudden death raises pertinent questions about Iran’s future. He was set to succeed Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the top dog in Iran’s theocratic state. Raisi’s premature demise raises the question of succession. Who will be Khamenei’s successor now, and who will succeed Raisi as president? There is another follow-up question: How will these new leaders shape Iran, the Middle East and the rest of the world?</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>More repression in store ahead</h2><br />
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<p>Raisi was a murderous leader. In 1988, at the end of Iran’s war with Iraq, he <a href=”https://apnews.com/article/iran-ebrahim-raisi-obituary-helicopter-crash-107ffb888540ef022a84ec719b81398c” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>sentenced</a> over 5,000 people — political prisoners, militants and more — to death. In 2022, massive protests broke out over Kurdish Iranian Mahsa Amini’s death in custody. This young woman was arrested and fatally beaten for failing to observe Islamic headscarf laws. The former president authorized security to use <a href=”https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68511112″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>lethal force</a> to quash the outcry, killing over 500 protesters. Raisi’s propensity for bloodshed made many Iranians loathe him.<br><br>Though he was colorless and uncreative, Raisi was ruthless. Furthermore, he was a doctrinaire upholder of Islamic theology and a faithful servant of the regime. Thus, he was a good fit to be the next Supreme Leader. Khamenei is now 85 years old, and the question of succession is in the air. A few plausible successors have emerged. They are theologians or political figures. Importantly, Khamenei’s son, <a href=”https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/20/world/middleeast/iran-raisi-death-supreme-leader.html” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>Mojtaba</a>, is also in the fray.</p><br />
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<p>Despite his violent past, Raisi was a bulwark against the total dominance of the increasingly aggressive Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). The IRGC is the praetorian guard of the revolutionary regime and is now the most powerful institution in Iran. Dangerously, the IRGC is demanding a more assertive policy in the Middle East. Without Raisi to hold the organization back, the IRGC is likely to claim more power — probably all of it — in the state and the economy.</p><br />
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<p>The next generation of potential leaders holds more conservative and anti-Western views than Raisi’s generation, which rose to power in Iran’s 1979 <a href=”https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-iranian-revolution-a-timeline-of-events/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>Revolution</a>. Raisi, the ruling ayatollahs and the IRGC recognized that most of Iranian society repudiates the regime’s conservative theological tenets and repressive restrictions. To keep the regime’s hold on power, the next Iranian president will probably tighten these restrictions, crushing any form of dissent and engaging in foreign aggression to appeal to Iranian patriotism.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>An Iran more hostile to the West</h2><br />
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<p>In his international political career, Raisi pursued “resistance diplomacy.” While Iran was hostile to the West, particularly the US, it sought the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) nuclear <a href=”https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-iran-nuclear-deal”>deal</a> and rapprochement. US President Donald Trump undid this by withdrawing from the JCPOA in 2018 and imposing further sanctions.</p><br />
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<p>This development led Raisi to conclude that rapprochement would not be beneficial for Iran. He <a href=”https://thehill.com/policy/international/581821-report-iran-restarts-production-of-advanced-parts-for-nuclear-program/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>restarted</a> the Iranian nuclear weapons program in 2021, bringing the country’s first nuclear weapon closer to reality. Yet his government still signaled to the US and Israel that Iran did not want regional war.<br><br>Tensions flared up from time to time with sporadic attacks and assassinations. These further increased on October 7, 2023 when Hamas, the militant Islamist Palestinian group, <a href=”https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>launched</a> a devastating attack on Israelis. On April 1, 2024, an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus, the capital of Syria, killed top IRGC officers. In retaliation, Iran officially <a href=”https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>attacked</a> Israeli territory for the first time in history, deploying 300 missiles and drones. Though Israeli forces intercepted and destroyed most of these weapons, Iran proved it could strike Israel. Intercepting the Iranian weapons also cost Israel and the US billions of dollars, while it only cost Iran millions to launch them.</p><br />
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<p>Before his death, Raisi <a href=”https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/03/18/how-china-russia-and-iran-are-forging-closer-ties” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>initiated</a> closer relations with Russia and China, two of the US’s greatest adversaries. His coming successor is likely to continue this outreach. This is a strategic disaster for the West and creates a more dangerous Middle East.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>What governmental changes lie in Iran’s future?</h2><br />
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<p>The Iranian president is a figurehead and the Supreme Leader holds all real power. So, it barely matters who is elected the next president. Further, the IRGC will increase its already determinative power. In the near future, it may ascend the throne openly and rule Iran directly as a thugocracy. This control will bring forth a leader who will likely be worse for the world than Raisi and Khamenei. The only countries that will not be negatively impacted by such a development are Russia, China and North Korea.</p><br />
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<p>As stated earlier, the new Iranian government will probably become more oppressive. It is likely to enforce an even stricter interpretation of Islamic law on Iranian society. This will make the country more miserable and the Middle East more menacing. The government is also likely to continue the policies of “death to Israel” and “death to America.” This would involve more aggressive actions to expand Iranian influence in the Middle East via Iran’s regional surrogates: Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen as well as various Shia groups in Iraq and Syria. Finally, the new Iranian government will move closer to developing a nuclear weapon.</p><br />
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<p>Raisi was cruel, but the next generation of leaders are more merciless. Raisi’s generation is slowly dying out, ushering in a younger, even more radical set of leaders. No matter how bad things are, they can always get worse. It looks like they will soon.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/leethompsonkolar” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Lee Thompson-Kolar</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
On May 19, 2024, Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi and Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian perished in a helicopter disaster. They crashed in Iran’s mountainous Dismar Forest, near the Azerbaijan border. There is no indication of foul play at work here. It seems the crash was caused by a…” post_summery=”Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi recently died in a helicopter crash. Known as a hanging judge for sentencing thousands to death, this hardline cleric was supposed to succeed Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. His death has triggered both a presidential election and a new search for a replacement successor to the Supreme Leader. Furthermore, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps is likely to become even more powerful.” post-date=”Jun 06, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Exclusive: Iran’s President Falls Out of the Sky” slug-data=”fo-exclusive-irans-president-falls-out-of-the-sky”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-irans-president-falls-out-of-the-sky/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Irans-President-Falls-Out-of-the-Sky-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Irans-President-Falls-Out-of-the-Sky-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Irans-President-Falls-Out-of-the-Sky-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/1V4wqzlNkFA?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Exclusive: Iran’s President Falls Out of the Sky </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150478″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Glenn-Carle-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150478″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 06, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Taiwan-China-Tensions-Increase-as-New-Taiwanese-President-Takes-Charge-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/EZOIQLJWuns” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle’>Glenn Carle</a>” post_date=”June 04, 2024 06:37″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-taiwan-china-tensions-increase-as-new-taiwanese-president-takes-charge/” pid=”150457″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>On January 13, 2024, Taiwan elected a new president and members of the 113-seat Legislative Yuan. Vice President Lai Ching-te (also known as William Lai), from the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), emerged victorious with 40% of the vote. The DPP is a Taiwanese nationalist party, and thus Lai’s election has ruffled feathers in Beijing, which sees Taiwan as its rightful territory.</p><br />
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<p>The DPP’s main rival is the Chinese nationalist Kuomintang party. The Kuomintang once ruled mainland China but evacuated to the island of Taiwan in 1949 after losing the Chinese Civil War to Mao Zedong’s Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The Kuomintang claimed to be the rightful government of the entire Republic of China (RoC) and vowed one day to return to the mainland. To this day, the official name of Taiwan is still “Republic of China.”</p><br />
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<p>The Kuomintang established an authoritarian rule over their new island home which lasted for decades. During the 1980s and 1990s, however, Taiwan democratized. Unlike the CCP-ruled mainland, Taiwan today boasts a robust multiparty democracy.</p><br />
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<p>The Kuomintang has long since abandoned dreams of rescuing the mainland from communism by force. Still, they see themselves as Chinese, hope one day to achieve a peaceful reunification of China and seek to maintain cordial relations with the mainland.</p><br />
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<p>In contrast, the DPP believes that Taiwan and China are two separate nations. In the mainstream DPP view, the Republic of China <em>is</em> Taiwan, an independent nation distinct from mainland China. They favor closer ties with Washington and seek to distance Taipei from Beijing. Thus, Zhongnanhai views the DPP, and Lai in particular, with hostility.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Taiwan’s new president is weaker</h2><br />
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<p>Lai identifies himself as a “pragmatic worker for Taiwanese independence.” In his May 20, 2024 inauguration speech, Lai demonstrated a departure from Tsai’s approach, signaling a more assertive stance on Taiwanese sovereignty.</p><br />
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<p>Beijing saw Lai’s speech as a provocation and, three days later, launched two days of intensive military exercises around Taiwan. These maneuvers, labeled by the Chinese military as “strong punishment” for Taiwan’s “separatist acts,” marked a significant escalation in cross-strait tensions. The exercises were not limited to the vicinity of Taiwan’s main island but extended to target Taipei-controlled islands such as Kinmen, Matsu, Wuqiu, and Dongyin for the first time. These islands lie close to the Chinese coast, according to maps released by China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) distrusts Lai and is using these exercises to send Lai a clear signal. </p><br />
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<p>Despite Beijing’s firm stance, immediate escalation appears unlikely. Although the DPP kept control of the presidency in this year’s elections, it lost its majority in the legislature. The Kuomintang now controls three more seats than the DPP does. Thus, Beijing perceives Lai as potentially wielding less influence than Tsai.</p><br />
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<p>Lai is clearly weaker than his predecessor. He took the presidency with 40% of the vote; in 2016 and 2020, Tsai had dominated with 56% and 57%, respectively.</p><br />
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<p>With the DPP losing its majority in the Legislative Yuan, Lai confronts significant challenges in advancing his agenda. In May, the Kuomintang joined with the third party, the Taiwan People’s Party, to pass a controversial reform bill. This legislation significantly enhances the Legislative Yuan’s authority to oversee the executive; to interrogate officials, military figures and citizens; and to demand documentation. Tens of thousands of protestors filled the streets of Taipei, calling the reforms unconstitutional. Lawmakers engaged in scuffles on the Legislative Yuan floor. Amid incidents of inter-party violence on the street, Taiwan’s future political trajectory remains uncertain.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/tingtcui/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Ting Cui</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
On January 13, 2024, Taiwan elected a new president and members of the 113-seat Legislative Yuan. Vice President Lai Ching-te (also known as William Lai), from the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), emerged victorious with 40% of the vote. The DPP is a Taiwanese nationalist party, and thus…” post_summery=”In a January election, Taiwanese Vice President Lai Ching-te became president. The Taiwanese nationalist DPP thus retained control of Taiwan’s presidency, but it lost control of the legislature to the Chinese nationalist Kuomintang and the liberal Taiwan People’s Party. Although Lai’s firm stance on sovereignty triggered unprecedented Chinese military exercises, Beijing sees him as a weaker president than his predecessor and thus less of a threat.” post-date=”Jun 04, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Exclusive: Taiwan-China Tensions Increase as New Taiwanese President Takes Charge” slug-data=”fo-exclusive-taiwan-china-tensions-increase-as-new-taiwanese-president-takes-charge”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-exclusive-taiwan-china-tensions-increase-as-new-taiwanese-president-takes-charge/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Taiwan-China-Tensions-Increase-as-New-Taiwanese-President-Takes-Charge-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Taiwan-China-Tensions-Increase-as-New-Taiwanese-President-Takes-Charge-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Taiwan-China-Tensions-Increase-as-New-Taiwanese-President-Takes-Charge-I-FO°-Exclusive.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/EZOIQLJWuns?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Exclusive: Taiwan-China Tensions Increase as New Taiwanese President Takes Charge </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150457″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Glenn-Carle-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150457″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 04, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Spotlight-on-Kashmir-—-When-Will-We-Witness-Voter-Realignment-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/3edYr33yxx4″ post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/rakesh-kaul’>Rakesh Kaul</a>” post_date=”June 03, 2024 06:32″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-spotlight-on-kashmir-when-will-we-witness-voter-realignment/” pid=”150439″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>Tomorrow, June 4, India will release the official results of its 2024 parliamentary elections. Exit polls already appear to confirm the result most observers expected — a third victory for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s dominant Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Yet it is a different story in the Muslim-majority union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). In three of J&K’s five electoral districts, the BJP did not even run candidates.</p><br />
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<p>This year’s election is historic for J&K, as it is the first national election since the revocation of Article 370, a constitutional provision that granted the territory significant autonomy from Delhi.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>What is Article 370?</h2><br />
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<p>When India attained its independence on August 15, 1947, the area today comprising Jammu and Kashmir, along with Ladakh and other areas administered by China and Pakistan, was a <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/kashmir-conflict-war-india-narendra-modi-pakistan-world-news-43899/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>separate</a> kingdom. Kashmir’s king, Hari Singh, intended to rule independently. However, Pakistan saw the Muslim-majority kingdom as its natural territory and attempted to incorporate it <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/kashmir-conflict-war-india-narendra-modi-pakistan-world-news-43899/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>by force</a>. In response, Singh opted to sign an instrument of <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/kashmir-conflict-war-india-narendra-modi-pakistan-world-news-43899/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>accession</a> with the Dominion of India, allowing Indian troops to enter Kashmir’s capital, Srinagar. </p><br />
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<p>Under the <a href=”https://www.epw.in/engage/article/article-370-short-history-kashmirs-accession-india” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>terms</a> of the instrument of accession, the government of India controlled defense, external affairs and communications, while Jammu & Kashmir would control all other sectors. The newly independent India codified this arrangement by adopting Article 370 to its constitution. The measure also granted temporary special status to the territory and allowed it to have its own flag and constitution.</p><br />
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<p>As an Indian state under Article 370, J&K suffered from a violent <a href=”https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/from-1987-assembly-election-to-article-370-abrogation-watershed-moments-in-kashmirs-history” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>insurgency</a> for almost 30 years. Islamist militias resented Indian rule and sought secession. The violence deterred economic activity, especially tourism, which this picturesque mountainous region relies on heavily. A powerful local elite monopolised what resources there were and left most of the population.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>What has changed since the termination of Article 370?</h2><br />
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<p>In 2019, the Modi government terminated Article 370. The state was split into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The change was a breath of fresh air for Kashmir. It broke the stranglehold of the local elite and allowed law enforcement to crack down on Islamist militias. Since then, the lives of ordinary Kashmiris have changed dramatically. The union territory has seen almost no large-scale incident of lawlessness since 2019. Tourists are returning, and the biggest problem for many resorts is not having enough space for all of the visitors. Development projects are now moving at a fast pace. For example, in 2022, J&K <a href=”https://www.india.com/news/india/chenab-bridge-worlds-highest-rail-bridge-taller-than-eiffel-tower-inaugurated-today-all-you-need-to-know-5570123/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>inaugurated</a> the Chenab Bridge, the world’s highest rail bridge.</p><br />
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<p>Now that they are richer, people are also happier. The ongoing Israel–Hamas war, which has seen so much destruction in Gaza, has enflamed anger among Muslims worldwide. Kashmiri Muslims are no exception. Yet, this anger has not translated into action against the Indian state. People seem to be content with the current arrangement.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>How will the 2024 elections go in Kashmir?</h2><br />
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<p>One might have expected the BJP to capitalise politically on all this success in the union territory. Yet, although the administration has made great progress over the last five years, the BJP party apparatus has not kept pace. The nationally dominant party did not set up adequate machinery to push its messages and whip up votes. It seems to have entered the 2024 election in J&K largely unprepared. In three constituencies — Anantnag-Rajouri, Srinagar and Baramulla — the BJP did not even bother to field candidates.</p><br />
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<p>The three parliamentary constituencies belong to areas that have traditionally opposed the Indian state. The BJP may have concluded that while anti-Delhi sentiment has gone latent, it may not have entirely disappeared. So, instead of fielding candidates, it tried to put its support behind local parties it deemed acceptable. Yet the move seems more like an afterthought than a bona fide strategy.</p><br />
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<p>Still, J&K is now at a potential inflection point. Kashmiris, Muslims, Hindus and others alike, have the ability to put the past behind them and change their voting patterns by moving away from old sectarian lines to focus on issues that matter for the union territory as a whole. Tomorrow, we will see if this process has begun.</p><br />
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<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/aniruddh-rajendran-491629175/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Aniruddh Rajendran</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
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<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
Tomorrow, June 4, India will release the official results of its 2024 parliamentary elections. Exit polls already appear to confirm the result most observers expected — a third victory for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s dominant Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Yet it is a different story in the…” post_summery=”Tomorrow, June 4, India’s official election results will come out. Despite its historic proportions, the election has been largely uneventful. The Muslim-majority territory of Jammu and Kashmir is an exception. Here, the dominant BJP decided not even to run candidates in some districts.” post-date=”Jun 03, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: Spotlight on Kashmir — When Will We Witness Voter Realignment?” slug-data=”fo-talks-spotlight-on-kashmir-when-will-we-witness-voter-realignment”> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-spotlight-on-kashmir-when-will-we-witness-voter-realignment/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Spotlight-on-Kashmir-—-When-Will-We-Witness-Voter-Realignment-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Spotlight-on-Kashmir-—-When-Will-We-Witness-Voter-Realignment-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Spotlight-on-Kashmir-—-When-Will-We-Witness-Voter-Realignment-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/3edYr33yxx4?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: Spotlight on Kashmir — When Will We Witness Voter Realignment? </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150439″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Rakesh-K.-Kaul-100×100.jpg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150439″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/rakesh-kaul”>Rakesh Kaul</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/anton-schauble’>Anton Schauble</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 03, 2024</span><br />
</div> </span> </div> </div> <div class=”videopartbox item” media=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Geopolitical-Guru-on-the-State-of-Indian-Democracy-Part-2-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vUrl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/K0IPc6fkAmA” post_author=”<a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/manu-sharma’>Manu Sharma</a>” post_date=”June 03, 2024 05:51″ pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-geopolitical-guru-on-the-state-of-indian-democracy-part-2/” pid=”150432″ post-content=”<!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p>On Tuesday, June 4, India will release the official results of its 2024 parliamentary elections. At least 644 million people have cast their votes in the largest democratic election in human history.</p><br />
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<p>For most of its history since independence in 1947, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress (INC) party. Leadership of the party passed from father to daughter to son to son’s widow to grandson as the INC has dominated Indian politics for 40 years. During the rule of the Nehru dynasty, India maintained close relations with the Soviet Union and followed socialist policies, without the bloody purges of its big brother. </p><br />
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<p>The INC first lost power in 1977 and opposition parties came to power in coalitions but the grand old party of Indian politics could always stage a comeback. In 2014, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) triumphed and the INC-led coalition lost power. Since then, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has presided over a blossoming economy and is still exceedingly popular. The BJP is now the dominant party in the country like the INC.</p><br />
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<p>Modi is widely expected to win the 2024 election. If he does, he will become only the second prime minister in Indian history to win three elections. Jawaharlal Nehru did so in 1951–1952, 1957 and 1962. Given the BJP’s likely victory, what can we expect from a third Modi term?</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>What to expect from Modi III</h2><br />
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<p>The Modi government will probably take steps to address slow job generation, especially in the manufacturing sector. In the past, poor physical and power infrastructure limited India’s ability to boost this sector. Today, the roadblocks are high cost of capital, labor and land. Another challenge facing the Modi government is the poor civic management of India’s cities. Presently, Indian cities are difficult to live in due to congested roads, crazy high air pollution and a lack of clean drinking water.</p><br />
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<p>The Modi government would also have to tread carefully in its relations with foreign partners. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau recently blamed India for the assassination of a Canadian citizen in British Columbia. Similarly, the US believes that India was involved in an attempt to murder an American citizen. In India’s eyes, the two assassinated gentlemen were Sikh terrorists advocating the dismemberment of the Indian state. Both immigrated from India, the Canadian on a false passport.</p><br />
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<p>Despite the diplomatic tiff, Washington and Ottawa are keen to maintain close ties with Delhi. They want to bring together all democracies in the Asia-Pacific to create a united front against China. However, India is more diffident about the West. Modi may keep the US at arm’s length, instead engaging closely with middle powers on bilateral terms. The government may also prefer a transactional foreign policy rather than a values-based one.</p><br />
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<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>India’s troubled neighborhood</h2><br />
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<p>China is India’s northern neighbor and is indeed a threat.China disputes Indian territory in the Himalayas and has seized Aksai Chin, which India claims as part of Ladakh. India may no longer be able to rely on trade deals and economic relations to keep the peace with China. India needs to reassess its defense architecture to deal with China.</p><br />
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<p>Myanmar is currently in the midst of a civil war. In the past, militias based in Myanmar have caused trouble in the northeastern Indian states of Manipur and Nagaland. India may need to fortify its border to prevent the spillover of the Myanmarese civil war into India.</p><br />
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<p>Nepal, which traditionally has close ties with India, is now trying to balance relationships with both India and China. India’s challenge is to keep Nepal firmly in its sphere of influence and prevent the expansion of Chinese influence in a country where the local communist party has become quite powerful.</p><br />
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<p>Maldives recently asked India to remove its 89 soldiers and support staff. The country is growing increasingly Islamist and hostile to India. China will be all too happy to step into the vacuum but Maldives is in India’s sphere of influence. As in Nepal, India will compete with China for influence in Maldives.</p><br />
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<p>Finally, relations between India and Pakistan have been deteriorating due to Islamabad’s sponsorship of cross-border terrorism. As Pakistan’s economy goes into free fall, Modi may have the opportunity to improve relations by securing a Pakistani pledge to discontinue these operations.</p><br />
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<p>Modi certainly has his work cut out for him. Rising to these challenges will be crucial for the success of his third term.</p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/aniruddh-rajendran-491629175/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Aniruddh Rajendran</em></a><em> wrote the first draft of this piece.]</em></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –> <!– wp:paragraph –><br />
<p><strong>The views expressed in this article/video are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p><br />
<!– /wp:paragraph –>” post-content-short=”<br />
On Tuesday, June 4, India will release the official results of its 2024 parliamentary elections. At least 644 million people have cast their votes in the largest democratic election in human history. For most of its history since independence in 1947, India has been ruled by the Indian National…” post_summery=”On Tuesday, June 4, India’s official election results will come out. Prime Minister Narendra Modi is likely to win a historic third term. He will have to face the Indian economy’s growing pains as well as an aggressive China, Pakistani provocations and a civil war in Myanmar.” post-date=”Jun 03, 2024″ post-title=”FO° Talks: Geopolitical Guru on the State of Indian Democracy, Part 2″ slug-data=”fo-talks-geopolitical-guru-on-the-state-of-indian-democracy-part-2″> <img width=”320″ height=”160″ class=”imgthumb lazy” pUrl=”https://www.fairobserver.com/video/fo-talks-geopolitical-guru-on-the-state-of-indian-democracy-part-2/” vType=”1″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Geopolitical-Guru-on-the-State-of-Indian-Democracy-Part-2-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Geopolitical-Guru-on-the-State-of-Indian-Democracy-Part-2-FO°-Talks.jpeg” data-srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Geopolitical-Guru-on-the-State-of-Indian-Democracy-Part-2-FO°-Talks.jpeg” vurl=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/K0IPc6fkAmA?autoplay=1″> <div class=”videotext”> <h3 class=”vtitle “> FO° Talks: Geopolitical Guru on the State of Indian Democracy, Part 2 </h3> <span id=”date-authimg-150432″ class=”vAuthor_img fo-author-img” style=”display:none;”> <img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/manu-sharma1-100×100.jpeg” /> </span> <span id=”date-auth-150432″ class=”vAuthor fo-author fo-author-light mart5″> <div class=”date-author list-date-author”> <span class=”byline”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/manu-sharma”>Manu Sharma</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh’>Atul Singh</a> • </span> <span class=”posted-on”>June 03, 2024</span><br />
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<!–googleon: all–> <!– Memberships powered by Paid Memberships Pro v2.11.2. –> <script>document.body.classList.remove(“no-js”);</script> <script> (function () { var c = document.body.className; c = c.replace(/woocommerce-no-js/, ‘woocommerce-js’); document.body.className = c; })(); </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-media-frame”> <div class=”media-frame-title” id=”media-frame-title”></div> <h2 class=”media-frame-menu-heading”>Actions</h2> <button type=”button” class=”button button-link media-frame-menu-toggle” aria-expanded=”false”> Menu <span class=”dashicons dashicons-arrow-down” aria-hidden=”true”></span> </button> <div class=”media-frame-menu”></div> <div class=”media-frame-tab-panel”> <div class=”media-frame-router”></div> <div class=”media-frame-content”></div> </div> <h2 class=”media-frame-actions-heading screen-reader-text”> Selected media actions </h2> <div class=”media-frame-toolbar”></div> <div class=”media-frame-uploader”></div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-media-modal”> <div tabindex=”0″ class=”media-modal wp-core-ui” role=”dialog” aria-labelledby=”media-frame-title”> <# if ( data.hasCloseButton ) { #> <button type=”button” class=”media-modal-close”><span class=”media-modal-icon”><span class=”screen-reader-text”> Close dialog </span></span></button> <# } #> <div class=”media-modal-content” role=”document”></div> </div> <div class=”media-modal-backdrop”></div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-uploader-window”> <div class=”uploader-window-content”> <div class=”uploader-editor-title”>Drop files to upload</div> </div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-uploader-editor”> <div class=”uploader-editor-content”> <div class=”uploader-editor-title”>Drop files to upload</div> </div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-uploader-inline”> <# var messageClass = data.message ? ‘has-upload-message’ : ‘no-upload-message’; #> <# if ( data.canClose ) { #> <button class=”close dashicons dashicons-no”><span class=”screen-reader-text”> Close uploader </span></button> <# } #> <div class=”uploader-inline-content {{ messageClass }}”> <# if ( data.message ) { #> <h2 class=”upload-message”>{{ data.message }}</h2> <# } #> <div class=”upload-ui”> <h2 class=”upload-instructions drop-instructions”>Drop files to upload</h2> <p class=”upload-instructions drop-instructions”>or</p> <button type=”button” class=”browser button button-hero” aria-labelledby=”post-upload-info”>Select Files</button> </div> <div class=”upload-inline-status”></div> <div class=”post-upload-ui” id=”post-upload-info”> <p class=”max-upload-size”> Maximum upload file size: 12 GB. </p> <# if ( data.suggestedWidth && data.suggestedHeight ) { #> <p class=”suggested-dimensions”> Suggested image dimensions: {{data.suggestedWidth}} by {{data.suggestedHeight}} pixels. </p> <# } #> </div> </div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-media-library-view-switcher”> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/upload.php?mode=list” class=”view-list”> <span class=”screen-reader-text”> List view </span> </a> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/upload.php?mode=grid” class=”view-grid current” aria-current=”page”> <span class=”screen-reader-text”> Grid view </span> </a> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-uploader-status”> <h2>Uploading</h2> <div class=”media-progress-bar”><div></div></div> <div class=”upload-details”> <span class=”upload-count”> <span class=”upload-index”></span> / <span class=”upload-total”></span> </span> <span class=”upload-detail-separator”>–</span> <span class=”upload-filename”></span> </div> <div class=”upload-errors”></div> <button type=”button” class=”button upload-dismiss-errors”>Dismiss errors</button> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-uploader-status-error”> <span class=”upload-error-filename”>{{{ data.filename }}}</span> <span class=”upload-error-message”>{{ data.message }}</span> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-edit-attachment-frame”> <div class=”edit-media-header”> <button class=”left dashicons”<# if ( ! data.hasPrevious ) { #> disabled<# } #>><span class=”screen-reader-text”>Edit previous media item</span></button> <button class=”right dashicons”<# if ( ! data.hasNext ) { #> disabled<# } #>><span class=”screen-reader-text”>Edit next media item</span></button> <button type=”button” class=”media-modal-close”><span class=”media-modal-icon”><span class=”screen-reader-text”>Close dialog</span></span></button> </div> <div class=”media-frame-title”></div> <div class=”media-frame-content”></div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-attachment-details-two-column”> <div class=”attachment-media-view {{ data.orientation }}”> <h2 class=”screen-reader-text”>Attachment Preview</h2> <div class=”thumbnail thumbnail-{{ data.type }}”> <# if ( data.uploading ) { #> <div class=”media-progress-bar”><div></div></div> <# } else if ( data.sizes && data.sizes.full ) { #> <img class=”details-image” src=”{{ data.sizes.full.url }}” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# } else if ( data.sizes && data.sizes.large ) { #> <img class=”details-image” src=”{{ data.sizes.large.url }}” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# } else if ( -1 === jQuery.inArray( data.type, [ ‘audio’, ‘video’ ] ) ) { #> <img class=”details-image icon” src=”{{ data.icon }}” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# } #> <# if ( ‘audio’ === data.type ) { #> <div class=”wp-media-wrapper wp-audio”> <audio style=”visibility: hidden” controls class=”wp-audio-shortcode” width=”100%” preload=”none”> <source type=”{{ data.mime }}” src=”{{ data.url }}” /> </audio> </div> <# } else if ( ‘video’ === data.type ) { var w_rule = ”; if ( data.width ) { w_rule = ‘width: ‘ + data.width + ‘px;’; } else if ( wp.media.view.settings.contentWidth ) { w_rule = ‘width: ‘ + wp.media.view.settings.contentWidth + ‘px;’; } #> <div style=”{{ w_rule }}” class=”wp-media-wrapper wp-video”> <video controls=”controls” class=”wp-video-shortcode” preload=”metadata” <# if ( data.width ) { #>width=”{{ data.width }}”<# } #> <# if ( data.height ) { #>height=”{{ data.height }}”<# } #> <# if ( data.image && data.image.src !== data.icon ) { #>poster=”{{ data.image.src }}”<# } #>> <source type=”{{ data.mime }}” src=”{{ data.url }}” /> </video> </div> <# } #> <div class=”attachment-actions”> <# if ( ‘image’ === data.type && ! data.uploading && data.sizes && data.can.save ) { #> <button type=”button” class=”button edit-attachment”>Edit Image</button> <# } else if ( ‘pdf’ === data.subtype && data.sizes ) { #> <p>Document Preview</p> <# } #> </div> </div> </div> <div class=”attachment-info”> <span class=”settings-save-status” role=”status”> <span class=”spinner”></span> <span class=”saved”>Saved.</span> </span> <div class=”details”> <h2 class=”screen-reader-text”> Details </h2> <div class=”uploaded”><strong>Uploaded on:</strong> {{ data.dateFormatted }}</div> <div class=”uploaded-by”> <strong>Uploaded by:</strong> <# if ( data.authorLink ) { #> <a href=”{{ data.authorLink }}”>{{ data.authorName }}</a> <# } else { #> {{ data.authorName }} <# } #> </div> <# if ( data.uploadedToTitle ) { #> <div class=”uploaded-to”> <strong>Uploaded to:</strong> <# if ( data.uploadedToLink ) { #> <a href=”{{ data.uploadedToLink }}”>{{ data.uploadedToTitle }}</a> <# } else { #> {{ data.uploadedToTitle }} <# } #> </div> <# } #> <div class=”filename”><strong>File name:</strong> {{ data.filename }}</div> <div class=”file-type”><strong>File type:</strong> {{ data.mime }}</div> <div class=”file-size”><strong>File size:</strong> {{ data.filesizeHumanReadable }}</div> <# if ( ‘image’ === data.type && ! data.uploading ) { #> <# if ( data.width && data.height ) { #> <div class=”dimensions”><strong>Dimensions:</strong> {{ data.width }} by {{ data.height }} pixels </div> <# } #> <# if ( data.originalImageURL && data.originalImageName ) { #> <div class=”word-wrap-break-word”> <strong>Original image:</strong> <a href=”{{ data.originalImageURL }}”>{{data.originalImageName}}</a> </div> <# } #> <# } #> <# if ( data.fileLength && data.fileLengthHumanReadable ) { #> <div class=”file-length”><strong>Length:</strong> <span aria-hidden=”true”>{{ data.fileLengthHumanReadable }}</span> <span class=”screen-reader-text”>{{ data.fileLengthHumanReadable }}</span> </div> <# } #> <# if ( ‘audio’ === data.type && data.meta.bitrate ) { #> <div class=”bitrate”> <strong>Bitrate:</strong> {{ Math.round( data.meta.bitrate / 1000 ) }}kb/s <# if ( data.meta.bitrate_mode ) { #> {{ ‘ ‘ + data.meta.bitrate_mode.toUpperCase() }} <# } #> </div> <# } #> <# if ( data.mediaStates ) { #> <div class=”media-states”><strong>Used as:</strong> {{ data.mediaStates }}</div> <# } #> <div class=”compat-meta”> <# if ( data.compat && data.compat.meta ) { #> {{{ data.compat.meta }}} <# } #> </div> </div> <div class=”settings”> <# var maybeReadOnly = data.can.save || data.allowLocalEdits ? ” : ‘readonly’; #> <# if ( ‘image’ === data.type ) { #> <span class=”setting alt-text has-description” data-setting=”alt”> <label for=”attachment-details-two-column-alt-text” class=”name”>Alternative Text</label> <textarea id=”attachment-details-two-column-alt-text” aria-describedby=”alt-text-description” {{ maybeReadOnly }}>{{ data.alt }}</textarea> </span> <p class=”description” id=”alt-text-description”><a href=”https://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/images/decision-tree/” target=”_blank” rel=”noopener”>Learn how to describe the purpose of the image<span class=”screen-reader-text”> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>. Leave empty if the image is purely decorative.</p> <# } #> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”title”> <label for=”attachment-details-two-column-title” class=”name”>Title</label> <input type=”text” id=”attachment-details-two-column-title” value=”{{ data.title }}” {{ maybeReadOnly }} /> </span> <# if ( ‘audio’ === data.type ) { #> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”artist”> <label for=”attachment-details-two-column-artist” class=”name”>Artist</label> <input type=”text” id=”attachment-details-two-column-artist” value=”{{ data.artist || data.meta.artist || ” }}” /> </span> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”album”> <label for=”attachment-details-two-column-album” class=”name”>Album</label> <input type=”text” id=”attachment-details-two-column-album” value=”{{ data.album || data.meta.album || ” }}” /> </span> <# } #> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”caption”> <label for=”attachment-details-two-column-caption” class=”name”>Caption</label> <textarea id=”attachment-details-two-column-caption” {{ maybeReadOnly }}>{{ data.caption }}</textarea> </span> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”description”> <label for=”attachment-details-two-column-description” class=”name”>Description</label> <textarea id=”attachment-details-two-column-description” {{ maybeReadOnly }}>{{ data.description }}</textarea> </span> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”url”> <label for=”attachment-details-two-column-copy-link” class=”name”>File URL:</label> <input type=”text” class=”attachment-details-copy-link” id=”attachment-details-two-column-copy-link” value=”{{ data.url }}” readonly /> <span class=”copy-to-clipboard-container”> <button type=”button” class=”button button-small copy-attachment-url” data-clipboard-target=”#attachment-details-two-column-copy-link”>Copy URL to clipboard</button> <span class=”success hidden” aria-hidden=”true”>Copied!</span> </span> </span> <div class=”attachment-compat”></div> </div> <div class=”actions”> <# if ( data.link ) { #> <a class=”view-attachment” href=”{{ data.link }}”>View attachment page</a> <# } #> <# if ( data.can.save ) { #> <# if ( data.link ) { #> <span class=”links-separator”>|</span> <# } #> <a href=”{{ data.editLink }}”>Edit more details</a> <# } #> <# if ( data.can.save && data.link ) { #> <span class=”links-separator”>|</span> <a href=”{{ data.url }}” download>Download file</a> <# } #> <# if ( ! data.uploading && data.can.remove ) { #> <# if ( data.link || data.can.save ) { #> <span class=”links-separator”>|</span> <# } #> <button type=”button” class=”button-link delete-attachment”>Delete permanently</button> <# } #> </div> </div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-attachment”> <div class=”attachment-preview js–select-attachment type-{{ data.type }} subtype-{{ data.subtype }} {{ data.orientation }}”> <div class=”thumbnail”> <# if ( data.uploading ) { #> <div class=”media-progress-bar”><div style=”width: {{ data.percent }}%”></div></div> <# } else if ( ‘image’ === data.type && data.size && data.size.url ) { #> <div class=”centered”> <img src=”{{ data.size.url }}” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> </div> <# } else { #> <div class=”centered”> <# if ( data.image && data.image.src && data.image.src !== data.icon ) { #> <img src=”{{ data.image.src }}” class=”thumbnail” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# } else if ( data.sizes && data.sizes.medium ) { #> <img src=”{{ data.sizes.medium.url }}” class=”thumbnail” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# } else { #> <img src=”{{ data.icon }}” class=”icon” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# } #> </div> <div class=”filename”> <div>{{ data.filename }}</div> </div> <# } #> </div> <# if ( data.buttons.close ) { #> <button type=”button” class=”button-link attachment-close media-modal-icon”><span class=”screen-reader-text”> Remove </span></button> <# } #> </div> <# if ( data.buttons.check ) { #> <button type=”button” class=”check” tabindex=”-1″><span class=”media-modal-icon”></span><span class=”screen-reader-text”> Deselect </span></button> <# } #> <# var maybeReadOnly = data.can.save || data.allowLocalEdits ? ” : ‘readonly’; if ( data.describe ) { if ( ‘image’ === data.type ) { #> <input type=”text” value=”{{ data.caption }}” class=”describe” data-setting=”caption” aria-label=”Caption” placeholder=”Caption…” {{ maybeReadOnly }} /> <# } else { #> <input type=”text” value=”{{ data.title }}” class=”describe” data-setting=”title” <# if ( ‘video’ === data.type ) { #> aria-label=”Video title” placeholder=”Video title…” <# } else if ( ‘audio’ === data.type ) { #> aria-label=”Audio title” placeholder=”Audio title…” <# } else { #> aria-label=”Media title” placeholder=”Media title…” <# } #> {{ maybeReadOnly }} /> <# } } #> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-attachment-details”> <h2> Attachment Details <span class=”settings-save-status” role=”status”> <span class=”spinner”></span> <span class=”saved”>Saved.</span> </span> </h2> <div class=”attachment-info”> <# if ( ‘audio’ === data.type ) { #> <div class=”wp-media-wrapper wp-audio”> <audio style=”visibility: hidden” controls class=”wp-audio-shortcode” width=”100%” preload=”none”> <source type=”{{ data.mime }}” src=”{{ data.url }}” /> </audio> </div> <# } else if ( ‘video’ === data.type ) { var w_rule = ”; if ( data.width ) { w_rule = ‘width: ‘ + data.width + ‘px;’; } else if ( wp.media.view.settings.contentWidth ) { w_rule = ‘width: ‘ + wp.media.view.settings.contentWidth + ‘px;’; } #> <div style=”{{ w_rule }}” class=”wp-media-wrapper wp-video”> <video controls=”controls” class=”wp-video-shortcode” preload=”metadata” <# if ( data.width ) { #>width=”{{ data.width }}”<# } #> <# if ( data.height ) { #>height=”{{ data.height }}”<# } #> <# if ( data.image && data.image.src !== data.icon ) { #>poster=”{{ data.image.src }}”<# } #>> <source type=”{{ data.mime }}” src=”{{ data.url }}” /> </video> </div> <# } else { #> <div class=”thumbnail thumbnail-{{ data.type }}”> <# if ( data.uploading ) { #> <div class=”media-progress-bar”><div></div></div> <# } else if ( ‘image’ === data.type && data.size && data.size.url ) { #> <img src=”{{ data.size.url }}” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# } else { #> <img src=”{{ data.icon }}” class=”icon” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# } #> </div> <# } #> <div class=”details”> <div class=”filename”>{{ data.filename }}</div> <div class=”uploaded”>{{ data.dateFormatted }}</div> <div class=”file-size”>{{ data.filesizeHumanReadable }}</div> <# if ( ‘image’ === data.type && ! data.uploading ) { #> <# if ( data.width && data.height ) { #> <div class=”dimensions”> {{ data.width }} by {{ data.height }} pixels </div> <# } #> <# if ( data.originalImageURL && data.originalImageName ) { #> <div class=”word-wrap-break-word”> Original image: <a href=”{{ data.originalImageURL }}”>{{data.originalImageName}}</a> </div> <# } #> <# if ( data.can.save && data.sizes ) { #> <a class=”edit-attachment” href=”{{ data.editLink }}&image-editor” target=”_blank”>Edit Image</a> <# } #> <# } #> <# if ( data.fileLength && data.fileLengthHumanReadable ) { #> <div class=”file-length”>Length: <span aria-hidden=”true”>{{ data.fileLengthHumanReadable }}</span> <span class=”screen-reader-text”>{{ data.fileLengthHumanReadable }}</span> </div> <# } #> <# if ( data.mediaStates ) { #> <div class=”media-states”><strong>Used as:</strong> {{ data.mediaStates }}</div> <# } #> <# if ( ! data.uploading && data.can.remove ) { #> <button type=”button” class=”button-link delete-attachment”>Delete permanently</button> <# } #> <div class=”compat-meta”> <# if ( data.compat && data.compat.meta ) { #> {{{ data.compat.meta }}} <# } #> </div> </div> </div> <# var maybeReadOnly = data.can.save || data.allowLocalEdits ? ” : ‘readonly’; #> <# if ( ‘image’ === data.type ) { #> <span class=”setting alt-text has-description” data-setting=”alt”> <label for=”attachment-details-alt-text” class=”name”>Alt Text</label> <textarea id=”attachment-details-alt-text” aria-describedby=”alt-text-description” {{ maybeReadOnly }}>{{ data.alt }}</textarea> </span> <p class=”description” id=”alt-text-description”><a href=”https://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/images/decision-tree/” target=”_blank” rel=”noopener”>Learn how to describe the purpose of the image<span class=”screen-reader-text”> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>. Leave empty if the image is purely decorative.</p> <# } #> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”title”> <label for=”attachment-details-title” class=”name”>Title</label> <input type=”text” id=”attachment-details-title” value=”{{ data.title }}” {{ maybeReadOnly }} /> </span> <# if ( ‘audio’ === data.type ) { #> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”artist”> <label for=”attachment-details-artist” class=”name”>Artist</label> <input type=”text” id=”attachment-details-artist” value=”{{ data.artist || data.meta.artist || ” }}” /> </span> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”album”> <label for=”attachment-details-album” class=”name”>Album</label> <input type=”text” id=”attachment-details-album” value=”{{ data.album || data.meta.album || ” }}” /> </span> <# } #> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”caption”> <label for=”attachment-details-caption” class=”name”>Caption</label> <textarea id=”attachment-details-caption” {{ maybeReadOnly }}>{{ data.caption }}</textarea> </span> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”description”> <label for=”attachment-details-description” class=”name”>Description</label> <textarea id=”attachment-details-description” {{ maybeReadOnly }}>{{ data.description }}</textarea> </span> <span class=”setting” data-setting=”url”> <label for=”attachment-details-copy-link” class=”name”>File URL:</label> <input type=”text” class=”attachment-details-copy-link” id=”attachment-details-copy-link” value=”{{ data.url }}” readonly /> <div class=”copy-to-clipboard-container”> <button type=”button” class=”button button-small copy-attachment-url” data-clipboard-target=”#attachment-details-copy-link”>Copy URL to clipboard</button> <span class=”success hidden” aria-hidden=”true”>Copied!</span> </div> </span> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-media-selection”> <div class=”selection-info”> <span class=”count”></span> <# if ( data.editable ) { #> <button type=”button” class=”button-link edit-selection”>Edit Selection</button> <# } #> <# if ( data.clearable ) { #> <button type=”button” class=”button-link clear-selection”>Clear</button> <# } #> </div> <div class=”selection-view”></div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-attachment-display-settings”> <h2>Attachment Display Settings</h2> <# if ( ‘image’ === data.type ) { #> <span class=”setting align”> <label for=”attachment-display-settings-alignment” class=”name”>Alignment</label> <select id=”attachment-display-settings-alignment” class=”alignment” data-setting=”align” <# if ( data.userSettings ) { #> data-user-setting=”align” <# } #>> <option value=”left”> Left </option> <option value=”center”> Center </option> <option value=”right”> Right </option> <option value=”none” selected> </option> </select> </span> <# } #> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”attachment-display-settings-link-to” class=”name”> <# if ( data.model.canEmbed ) { #> Embed or Link <# } else { #> Link To <# } #> </label> <select id=”attachment-display-settings-link-to” class=”link-to” data-setting=”link” <# if ( data.userSettings && ! data.model.canEmbed ) { #> data-user-setting=”urlbutton” <# } #>> <# if ( data.model.canEmbed ) { #> <option value=”embed” selected> Embed Media Player </option> <option value=”file”> <# } else { #> <option value=”none” selected> </option> <option value=”file”> <# } #> <# if ( data.model.canEmbed ) { #> Link to Media File <# } else { #> Media File <# } #> </option> <option value=”post”> <# if ( data.model.canEmbed ) { #> Link to Attachment Page <# } else { #> Attachment Page <# } #> </option> <# if ( ‘image’ === data.type ) { #> <option value=”custom”> Custom URL </option> <# } #> </select> </span> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”attachment-display-settings-link-to-custom” class=”name”>URL</label> <input type=”text” id=”attachment-display-settings-link-to-custom” class=”link-to-custom” data-setting=”linkUrl” /> </span> <# if ( ‘undefined’ !== typeof data.sizes ) { #> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”attachment-display-settings-size” class=”name”>Size</label> <select id=”attachment-display-settings-size” class=”size” name=”size” data-setting=”size” <# if ( data.userSettings ) { #> data-user-setting=”imgsize” <# } #>> <# var size = data.sizes[‘thumbnail’]; if ( size ) { #> <option value=”thumbnail” > Thumbnail – {{ size.width }} × {{ size.height }} </option> <# } #> <# var size = data.sizes[‘medium’]; if ( size ) { #> <option value=”medium” > Medium – {{ size.width }} × {{ size.height }} </option> <# } #> <# var size = data.sizes[‘large’]; if ( size ) { #> <option value=”large” > Large – {{ size.width }} × {{ size.height }} </option> <# } #> <# var size = data.sizes[‘full’]; if ( size ) { #> <option value=”full” selected=’selected’> Full Size – {{ size.width }} × {{ size.height }} </option> <# } #> </select> </span> <# } #> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-gallery-settings”> <h2>Gallery Settings</h2> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”gallery-settings-link-to” class=”name”>Link To</label> <select id=”gallery-settings-link-to” class=”link-to” data-setting=”link” <# if ( data.userSettings ) { #> data-user-setting=”urlbutton” <# } #>> <option value=”post” <# if ( ! wp.media.galleryDefaults.link || ‘post’ === wp.media.galleryDefaults.link ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> Attachment Page </option> <option value=”file” <# if ( ‘file’ === wp.media.galleryDefaults.link ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> Media File </option> <option value=”none” <# if ( ‘none’ === wp.media.galleryDefaults.link ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> </option> </select> </span> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”gallery-settings-columns” class=”name select-label-inline”>Columns</label> <select id=”gallery-settings-columns” class=”columns” name=”columns” data-setting=”columns”> <option value=”1″ <# if ( 1 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 1 </option> <option value=”2″ <# if ( 2 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 2 </option> <option value=”3″ <# if ( 3 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 3 </option> <option value=”4″ <# if ( 4 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 4 </option> <option value=”5″ <# if ( 5 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 5 </option> <option value=”6″ <# if ( 6 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 6 </option> <option value=”7″ <# if ( 7 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 7 </option> <option value=”8″ <# if ( 8 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 8 </option> <option value=”9″ <# if ( 9 == wp.media.galleryDefaults.columns ) { #>selected=”selected”<# } #>> 9 </option> </select> </span> <span class=”setting”> <input type=”checkbox” id=”gallery-settings-random-order” data-setting=”_orderbyRandom” /> <label for=”gallery-settings-random-order” class=”checkbox-label-inline”>Random Order</label> </span> <span class=”setting size”> <label for=”gallery-settings-size” class=”name”>Size</label> <select id=”gallery-settings-size” class=”size” name=”size” data-setting=”size” <# if ( data.userSettings ) { #> data-user-setting=”imgsize” <# } #> > <option value=”thumbnail”> Thumbnail </option> <option value=”medium”> Medium </option> <option value=”large”> Large </option> <option value=”full”> Full Size </option> </select> </span> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-playlist-settings”> <h2>Playlist Settings</h2> <# var emptyModel = _.isEmpty( data.model ), isVideo = ‘video’ === data.controller.get(‘library’).props.get(‘type’); #> <span class=”setting”> <input type=”checkbox” id=”playlist-settings-show-list” data-setting=”tracklist” <# if ( emptyModel ) { #> checked=”checked” <# } #> /> <label for=”playlist-settings-show-list” class=”checkbox-label-inline”> <# if ( isVideo ) { #> Show Video List <# } else { #> Show Tracklist <# } #> </label> </span> <# if ( ! isVideo ) { #> <span class=”setting”> <input type=”checkbox” id=”playlist-settings-show-artist” data-setting=”artists” <# if ( emptyModel ) { #> checked=”checked” <# } #> /> <label for=”playlist-settings-show-artist” class=”checkbox-label-inline”> Show Artist Name in Tracklist </label> </span> <# } #> <span class=”setting”> <input type=”checkbox” id=”playlist-settings-show-images” data-setting=”images” <# if ( emptyModel ) { #> checked=”checked” <# } #> /> <label for=”playlist-settings-show-images” class=”checkbox-label-inline”> Show Images </label> </span> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-embed-link-settings”> <span class=”setting link-text”> <label for=”embed-link-settings-link-text” class=”name”>Link Text</label> <input type=”text” id=”embed-link-settings-link-text” class=”alignment” data-setting=”linkText” /> </span> <div class=”embed-container” style=”display: none;”> <div class=”embed-preview”></div> </div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-embed-image-settings”> <div class=”wp-clearfix”> <div class=”thumbnail”> <img src=”{{ data.model.url }}” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> </div> </div> <span class=”setting alt-text has-description”> <label for=”embed-image-settings-alt-text” class=”name”>Alternative Text</label> <textarea id=”embed-image-settings-alt-text” data-setting=”alt” aria-describedby=”alt-text-description”></textarea> </span> <p class=”description” id=”alt-text-description”><a href=”https://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/images/decision-tree/” target=”_blank” rel=”noopener”>Learn how to describe the purpose of the image<span class=”screen-reader-text”> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>. Leave empty if the image is purely decorative.</p> <span class=”setting caption”> <label for=”embed-image-settings-caption” class=”name”>Caption</label> <textarea id=”embed-image-settings-caption” data-setting=”caption”></textarea> </span> <fieldset class=”setting-group”> <legend class=”name”>Align</legend> <span class=”setting align”> <span class=”button-group button-large” data-setting=”align”> <button class=”button” value=”left”> Left </button> <button class=”button” value=”center”> Center </button> <button class=”button” value=”right”> Right </button> <button class=”button active” value=”none”> </button> </span> </span> </fieldset> <fieldset class=”setting-group”> <legend class=”name”>Link To</legend> <span class=”setting link-to”> <span class=”button-group button-large” data-setting=”link”> <button class=”button” value=”file”> Image URL </button> <button class=”button” value=”custom”> Custom URL </button> <button class=”button active” value=”none”> </button> </span> </span> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”embed-image-settings-link-to-custom” class=”name”>URL</label> <input type=”text” id=”embed-image-settings-link-to-custom” class=”link-to-custom” data-setting=”linkUrl” /> </span> </fieldset> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-image-details”> <div class=”media-embed”> <div class=”embed-media-settings”> <div class=”column-settings”> <span class=”setting alt-text has-description”> <label for=”image-details-alt-text” class=”name”>Alternative Text</label> <textarea id=”image-details-alt-text” data-setting=”alt” aria-describedby=”alt-text-description”>{{ data.model.alt }}</textarea> </span> <p class=”description” id=”alt-text-description”><a href=”https://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/images/decision-tree/” target=”_blank” rel=”noopener”>Learn how to describe the purpose of the image<span class=”screen-reader-text”> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>. Leave empty if the image is purely decorative.</p> <span class=”setting caption”> <label for=”image-details-caption” class=”name”>Caption</label> <textarea id=”image-details-caption” data-setting=”caption”>{{ data.model.caption }}</textarea> </span> <h2>Display Settings</h2> <fieldset class=”setting-group”> <legend class=”legend-inline”>Align</legend> <span class=”setting align”> <span class=”button-group button-large” data-setting=”align”> <button class=”button” value=”left”> Left </button> <button class=”button” value=”center”> Center </button> <button class=”button” value=”right”> Right </button> <button class=”button active” value=”none”> </button> </span> </span> </fieldset> <# if ( data.attachment ) { #> <# if ( ‘undefined’ !== typeof data.attachment.sizes ) { #> <span class=”setting size”> <label for=”image-details-size” class=”name”>Size</label> <select id=”image-details-size” class=”size” name=”size” data-setting=”size” <# if ( data.userSettings ) { #> data-user-setting=”imgsize” <# } #>> <# var size = data.sizes[‘thumbnail’]; if ( size ) { #> <option value=”thumbnail”> Thumbnail – {{ size.width }} × {{ size.height }} </option> <# } #> <# var size = data.sizes[‘medium’]; if ( size ) { #> <option value=”medium”> Medium – {{ size.width }} × {{ size.height }} </option> <# } #> <# var size = data.sizes[‘large’]; if ( size ) { #> <option value=”large”> Large – {{ size.width }} × {{ size.height }} </option> <# } #> <# var size = data.sizes[‘full’]; if ( size ) { #> <option value=”full”> Full Size – {{ size.width }} × {{ size.height }} </option> <# } #> <option value=”custom”> Custom Size </option> </select> </span> <# } #> <div class=”custom-size wp-clearfix<# if ( data.model.size !== ‘custom’ ) { #> hidden<# } #>”> <span class=”custom-size-setting”> <label for=”image-details-size-width”>Width</label> <input type=”number” id=”image-details-size-width” aria-describedby=”image-size-desc” data-setting=”customWidth” step=”1″ value=”{{ data.model.customWidth }}” /> </span> <span class=”sep” aria-hidden=”true”>×</span> <span class=”custom-size-setting”> <label for=”image-details-size-height”>Height</label> <input type=”number” id=”image-details-size-height” aria-describedby=”image-size-desc” data-setting=”customHeight” step=”1″ value=”{{ data.model.customHeight }}” /> </span> <p id=”image-size-desc” class=”description”>Image size in pixels</p> </div> <# } #> <span class=”setting link-to”> <label for=”image-details-link-to” class=”name”>Link To</label> <select id=”image-details-link-to” data-setting=”link”> <# if ( data.attachment ) { #> <option value=”file”> Media File </option> <option value=”post”> Attachment Page </option> <# } else { #> <option value=”file”> Image URL </option> <# } #> <option value=”custom”> Custom URL </option> <option value=”none”> </option> </select> </span> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”image-details-link-to-custom” class=”name”>URL</label> <input type=”text” id=”image-details-link-to-custom” class=”link-to-custom” data-setting=”linkUrl” /> </span> <div class=”advanced-section”> <h2><button type=”button” class=”button-link advanced-toggle”>Advanced Options</button></h2> <div class=”advanced-settings hidden”> <div class=”advanced-image”> <span class=”setting title-text”> <label for=”image-details-title-attribute” class=”name”>Image Title Attribute</label> <input type=”text” id=”image-details-title-attribute” data-setting=”title” value=”{{ data.model.title }}” /> </span> <span class=”setting extra-classes”> <label for=”image-details-css-class” class=”name”>Image CSS Class</label> <input type=”text” id=”image-details-css-class” data-setting=”extraClasses” value=”{{ data.model.extraClasses }}” /> </span> </div> <div class=”advanced-link”> <span class=”setting link-target”> <input type=”checkbox” id=”image-details-link-target” data-setting=”linkTargetBlank” value=”_blank” <# if ( data.model.linkTargetBlank ) { #>checked=”checked”<# } #>> <label for=”image-details-link-target” class=”checkbox-label”>Open link in a new tab</label> </span> <span class=”setting link-rel”> <label for=”image-details-link-rel” class=”name”>Link Rel</label> <input type=”text” id=”image-details-link-rel” data-setting=”linkRel” value=”{{ data.model.linkRel }}” /> </span> <span class=”setting link-class-name”> <label for=”image-details-link-css-class” class=”name”>Link CSS Class</label> <input type=”text” id=”image-details-link-css-class” data-setting=”linkClassName” value=”{{ data.model.linkClassName }}” /> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=”column-image”> <div class=”image”> <img src=”{{ data.model.url }}” draggable=”false” alt=”” /> <# if ( data.attachment && window.imageEdit ) { #> <div class=”actions”> <input type=”button” class=”edit-attachment button” value=”Edit Original” /> <input type=”button” class=”replace-attachment button” value=”Replace” /> </div> <# } #> </div> </div> </div> </div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-image-editor”> <div id=”media-head-{{ data.id }}”></div> <div id=”image-editor-{{ data.id }}”></div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-audio-details”> <# var ext, html5types = { mp3: wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes.mp3, ogg: wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes.ogg }; #> <div class=”media-embed media-embed-details”> <div class=”embed-media-settings embed-audio-settings”> <audio style=”visibility: hidden” controls class=”wp-audio-shortcode” width=”{{ _.isUndefined( data.model.width ) ? 400 : data.model.width }}” preload=”{{ _.isUndefined( data.model.preload ) ? ‘none’ : data.model.preload }}” <# if ( ! _.isUndefined( data.model.autoplay ) && data.model.autoplay ) { #> autoplay<# } if ( ! _.isUndefined( data.model.loop ) && data.model.loop ) { #> loop<# } #><br />
> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.src ) ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.src }}” type=”{{ wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes[ data.model.src.split(‘.’).pop() ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.mp3 ) ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.mp3 }}” type=”{{ wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes[ ‘mp3’ ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.ogg ) ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.ogg }}” type=”{{ wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes[ ‘ogg’ ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.flac ) ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.flac }}” type=”{{ wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes[ ‘flac’ ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.m4a ) ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.m4a }}” type=”{{ wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes[ ‘m4a’ ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.wav ) ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.wav }}” type=”{{ wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes[ ‘wav’ ] }}” /> <# } #> </audio> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.src ) ) { ext = data.model.src.split(‘.’).pop(); if ( html5types[ ext ] ) { delete html5types[ ext ]; } #> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”audio-details-source” class=”name”>URL</label> <input type=”text” id=”audio-details-source” readonly data-setting=”src” value=”{{ data.model.src }}” /> <button type=”button” class=”button-link remove-setting”>Remove audio source</button> </span> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.mp3 ) ) { if ( ! _.isUndefined( html5types.mp3 ) ) { delete html5types.mp3; } #> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”audio-details-mp3-source” class=”name”>MP3</label> <input type=”text” id=”audio-details-mp3-source” readonly data-setting=”mp3″ value=”{{ data.model.mp3 }}” /> <button type=”button” class=”button-link remove-setting”>Remove audio source</button> </span> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.ogg ) ) { if ( ! _.isUndefined( html5types.ogg ) ) { delete html5types.ogg; } #> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”audio-details-ogg-source” class=”name”>OGG</label> <input type=”text” id=”audio-details-ogg-source” readonly data-setting=”ogg” value=”{{ data.model.ogg }}” /> <button type=”button” class=”button-link remove-setting”>Remove audio source</button> </span> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.flac ) ) { if ( ! _.isUndefined( html5types.flac ) ) { delete html5types.flac; } #> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”audio-details-flac-source” class=”name”>FLAC</label> <input type=”text” id=”audio-details-flac-source” readonly data-setting=”flac” value=”{{ data.model.flac }}” /> <button type=”button” class=”button-link remove-setting”>Remove audio source</button> </span> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.m4a ) ) { if ( ! _.isUndefined( html5types.m4a ) ) { delete html5types.m4a; } #> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”audio-details-m4a-source” class=”name”>M4A</label> <input type=”text” id=”audio-details-m4a-source” readonly data-setting=”m4a” value=”{{ data.model.m4a }}” /> <button type=”button” class=”button-link remove-setting”>Remove audio source</button> </span> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.wav ) ) { if ( ! _.isUndefined( html5types.wav ) ) { delete html5types.wav; } #> <span class=”setting”> <label for=”audio-details-wav-source” class=”name”>WAV</label> <input type=”text” id=”audio-details-wav-source” readonly data-setting=”wav” value=”{{ data.model.wav }}” /> <button type=”button” class=”button-link remove-setting”>Remove audio source</button> </span> <# } #> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( html5types ) ) { #> <fieldset class=”setting-group”> <legend class=”name”>Add alternate sources for maximum HTML5 playback</legend> <span class=”setting”> <span class=”button-large”> <# _.each( html5types, function (mime, type) { #> <button class=”button add-media-source” data-mime=”{{ mime }}”>{{ type }}</button> <# } ) #> </span> </span> </fieldset> <# } #> <fieldset class=”setting-group”> <legend class=”name”>Preload</legend> <span class=”setting preload”> <span class=”button-group button-large” data-setting=”preload”> <button class=”button” value=”auto”>Auto</button> <button class=”button” value=”metadata”>Metadata</button> <button class=”button active” value=”none”></button> </span> </span> </fieldset> <span class=”setting-group”> <span class=”setting checkbox-setting autoplay”> <input type=”checkbox” id=”audio-details-autoplay” data-setting=”autoplay” /> <label for=”audio-details-autoplay” class=”checkbox-label”>Autoplay</label> </span> <span class=”setting checkbox-setting”> <input type=”checkbox” id=”audio-details-loop” data-setting=”loop” /> <label for=”audio-details-loop” class=”checkbox-label”>Loop</label> </span> </span> </div> </div> </script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-video-details”> <# var ext, html5types = { mp4: wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes.mp4, ogv: wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes.ogv, webm: wp.media.view.settings.embedMimes.webm }; #> <div class=”media-embed media-embed-details”> <div class=”embed-media-settings embed-video-settings”> <div class=”wp-video-holder”> <# var w = ! data.model.width || data.model.width > 640 ? 640 : data.model.width, h = ! data.model.height ? 360 : data.model.height; if ( data.model.width && w !== data.model.width ) { h = Math.ceil( ( h * w ) / data.model.width ); } #> <# var w_rule = ”, classes = [], w, h, settings = wp.media.view.settings, isYouTube = isVimeo = false; if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.src ) ) { isYouTube = data.model.src.match(/youtube|youtu\.be/); isVimeo = -1 !== data.model.src.indexOf(‘vimeo’); } if ( settings.contentWidth && data.model.width >= settings.contentWidth ) { w = settings.contentWidth; } else { w = data.model.width; } if ( w !== data.model.width ) { h = Math.ceil( ( data.model.height * w ) / data.model.width ); } else { h = data.model.height; } if ( w ) { w_rule = ‘width: ‘ + w + ‘px; ‘; } if ( isYouTube ) { classes.push( ‘youtube-video’ ); } if ( isVimeo ) { classes.push( ‘vimeo-video’ ); } #><br />
<div style=”{{ w_rule }}” class=”wp-video”><br />
<video controls class=”wp-video-shortcode {{ classes.join( ‘ ‘ ) }}” <# if ( w ) { #>width=”{{ w }}”<# } #> <# if ( h ) { #>height=”{{ h }}”<# } #> <# if ( ! _.isUndefined( data.model.poster ) && data.model.poster ) { #> poster=”{{ data.model.poster }}”<# } #> preload =”{{ _.isUndefined( data.model.preload ) ? ‘metadata’ : data.model.preload }}” <# if ( ! _.isUndefined( data.model.autoplay ) && data.model.autoplay ) { #> autoplay<# } if ( ! _.isUndefined( data.model.loop ) && data.model.loop ) { #> loop<# } #><br />
> <# if ( ! _.isEmpty( data.model.src ) ) { if ( isYouTube ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.src }}” type=”video/youtube” /> <# } else if ( isVimeo ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.src }}” type=”video/vimeo” /> <# } else { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.src }}” type=”{{ settings.embedMimes[ data.model.src.split(‘.’).pop() ] }}” /> <# } } #> <# if ( data.model.mp4 ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.mp4 }}” type=”{{ settings.embedMimes[ ‘mp4’ ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( data.model.m4v ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.m4v }}” type=”{{ settings.embedMimes[ ‘m4v’ ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( data.model.webm ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.webm }}” type=”{{ settings.embedMimes[ ‘webm’ ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( data.model.ogv ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.ogv }}” type=”{{ settings.embedMimes[ ‘ogv’ ] }}” /> <# } #> <# if ( data.model.flv ) { #> <source src=”{{ data.model.flv }}” type=”{{ settings.embedMimes[ ‘flv’ ] }}” /> <# } #> {{{ data.model.content }}}<br />
</video><br />
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</script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-getty-about-text”> <a class=”getty-about-close getty-about-close-x”>X</a> <h2>About Getty Images</h2> <dl> <dt>A pioneer in digital media</dt> <dd><p>In 1995, Mark Getty and Jonathan Klein founded Getty Images to bring the fragmented stock photography business into the digital age. And that’s exactly what they did. We were the first company to license imagery online – and have continued to drive the industry forward with breakthrough licensing models, digital media management tools and a comprehensive offering of creative and editorial imagery, microstock, footage and music.</p></dd> <dt>Bringing creative ideas to life</dt> <dd> <p> Today’s digital media offers us powerful and seemingly endless ways to create, communicate and connect. And while quick online access to images, footage and music may be second nature to us now, just a decade ago it was almost unimaginable. </p> <p> As a leading creator and distributor of still imagery, footage, music and other premium content, our goal is to inspire communicators – and give them the tools to create inspiring work of their own.</p> <p>We offer the industry’s best and broadest collections of imagery and footage – including award-winning news, sport and entertainment content, plus rare and contemporary archival imagery. Our music collection provides a wide range of pre-cleared tracks from independent artists, chart-topping acts and popular soundtracks.</p> <p>From multi-million-dollar advertisers to leading newspapers, feature film and television producers to bloggers of all kinds – for premium digital content, the world’s most influential media look to gettyimages.com</p> </dd> <p> WordPress Tip: if you are using embeddable images, be sure to add a hard line break after each URL so that images are rendered correctly. </p> <br/><br />
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<# } #> <div id=”getty-comp-license-dialog”> <p class=”getty-comp-please-read”>Please read and accept the following terms before using image comps in your website:</p> <div class=”getty-comp-license-frame”><div style=”margin-bottom: 20px;”> <a id=”Comping”></a> <style> .Heading { font-weight: bold; font-family: Verdana, Arial; margin-bottom:0px; font-size:1.4em; } </style><p class=”Heading”>Getty Images Comping File and Video Preview License Agreement</p><p>THIS IS A LEGAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU (“LICENSEE”) AND A SUBSIDIARY OF GETTY IMAGES, INC. (“GETTY IMAGES”). THIS AGREEMENT APPLIES TO LICENSES ISSUED VIA THE WEB AND VIA LOCAL SALES REPRESENTATIVES, AND IS APPLICABLE TO ONLINE, DIGITAL AND ANALOGUE (PHYSICAL) DELIVERY OF LICENSED MATERIAL (THE “AGREEMENT”).</p><p></p><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>1. Grant of License.</b> Getty Images grants to you, for a period of thirty (30) days, a non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, non-transferable and non-assignable right to use the image and/or film preview file you have selected and any derivatives or copies (collectively, the “Licensed Material”), on your personal computer and, in the case of film, in any test, sample, comp or rough cut evaluation materials. The Licensed Material may only be used in materials for personal, noncommercial use and test or sample use, including comps and layouts.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>2. Restrictions.</b></td></tr><tr><td valign=”top” text-align=”right” width=”33px” align=”right” class=”SmStan”><b>2.1</b></td><td valign=”top” class=”SmStan”>The Licensed Material may not be used in any final materials distributed inside of your company or any materials distributed outside of your company or to the public, including, but not limited to, advertising and marketing materials or in any online or other electronic distribution system (except that you may transmit comps digitally or electronically to your clients for their review) and may not be distributed, sublicensed or made available for use or distribution separately or individually and no rights may be granted to the Licensed Material.</td></tr><tr><td valign=”top” text-align=”right” width=”33px” align=”right” class=”SmStan”><b>2.2</b></td><td valign=”top” class=”SmStan”>One copy of the Licensed Material may be made for backup purposes only but may only be used if the original Licensed Material becomes defective, destroyed or otherwise irretrievably lost. Except as specifically provided in this Agreement, the Licensed Material may not be shared or copied for example by including it in a disc library, image storage jukebox, network configuration or other similar arrangement. Use which would be defamatory, pornographic or otherwise unlawful is prohibited. If Licensed Material featuring a person is used (i) in a manner that implies endorsement, use of or a connection to a product or service by that model; or (ii) in connection with a potentially unflattering or controversial subject, you must print a statement that indicates that the person is a model and is used for illustrative purposes only.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>3. Rights-Managed Still Fee.</b> For rights-managed still Licensed Material only, if at the end of 30 days you have not licensed the Licensed Material for end use in a final project, you will be invoiced a comp service fee in the amount of one hundred fifty dollars ($150) USD or such other local currency amount as Getty Images may apply from time to time. If, at any time within the 30-day comp license period, you license such rights-managed still Licensed Material for end use in a final project and do not subsequently cancel the license, the comp service fee will not be charged. Payment of the comp service fee relates solely to comping use during the 30-day comp license period and does not entitle you to make any additional use of the Licensed Material either before or after expiry of the 30 days.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>4. Film Access Fee.</b> Upon download of any film Licensed Material, you will be invoiced a non-refundable access service fee of one hundred fifty dollars ($150) USD or such other local currency amount as Getty Images may apply from time to time.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>5. Additional Rights Available.</b> If you are unsure of your usage rights under this Agreement or wish to use the Licensed Material in a manner not permitted by this Agreement (for example: online or as part of an advertisement or product), please contact your local Getty Images office.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>6. Warranty.</b> Getty Images warrants the digital copy of the Licensed Material in the form downloaded by you to be free from defects in material and workmanship for 30 days from delivery. The sole and exclusive remedy for a breach of the foregoing warranty is the replacement of the digital copy of the Licensed Material. GETTY IMAGES MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states or jurisdictions do not permit the exclusion of implied warranties, and you may have other rights which may vary from state to state and jurisdiction to jurisdiction. NEITHER GETTY IMAGES NOR ANY OF ITS IMAGE PARTNERS SHALL BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FOR ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR OTHER DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR OTHERWISE.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>7. General.</b> All rights to the Licensed Material are owned by Getty Images and/or its image partners and are protected by United States copyright laws, international treaty provisions and other applicable laws. Getty Images and its image partners retain all rights not expressly granted by this Agreement. The license contained in this Agreement will terminate automatically without notice from Getty Images upon expiry of the 30-day comp license period or, if sooner, upon you failing to comply with any provision of this Agreement. Upon termination, you must immediately stop using the Licensed Material and either destroy any digital Licensed Material or return the Licensed Material and all copies to Getty Images. </td></tr></tbody></table><br><p></p> </div><br />
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</script> <script type=”text/html” id=”tmpl-getty-comp-license-agreement”> <p class=”getty-comp-please-read”>Please read and accept the following terms before using image comps in your website:</p> <div class=”getty-comp-license-frame”><div style=”margin-bottom: 20px;”> <a id=”Comping”></a> <style> .Heading { font-weight: bold; font-family: Verdana, Arial; margin-bottom:0px; font-size:1.4em; } </style><p class=”Heading”>Getty Images Comping File and Video Preview License Agreement</p><p>THIS IS A LEGAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU (“LICENSEE”) AND A SUBSIDIARY OF GETTY IMAGES, INC. (“GETTY IMAGES”). THIS AGREEMENT APPLIES TO LICENSES ISSUED VIA THE WEB AND VIA LOCAL SALES REPRESENTATIVES, AND IS APPLICABLE TO ONLINE, DIGITAL AND ANALOGUE (PHYSICAL) DELIVERY OF LICENSED MATERIAL (THE “AGREEMENT”).</p><p></p><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>1. Grant of License.</b> Getty Images grants to you, for a period of thirty (30) days, a non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, non-transferable and non-assignable right to use the image and/or film preview file you have selected and any derivatives or copies (collectively, the “Licensed Material”), on your personal computer and, in the case of film, in any test, sample, comp or rough cut evaluation materials. The Licensed Material may only be used in materials for personal, noncommercial use and test or sample use, including comps and layouts.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>2. Restrictions.</b></td></tr><tr><td valign=”top” text-align=”right” width=”33px” align=”right” class=”SmStan”><b>2.1</b></td><td valign=”top” class=”SmStan”>The Licensed Material may not be used in any final materials distributed inside of your company or any materials distributed outside of your company or to the public, including, but not limited to, advertising and marketing materials or in any online or other electronic distribution system (except that you may transmit comps digitally or electronically to your clients for their review) and may not be distributed, sublicensed or made available for use or distribution separately or individually and no rights may be granted to the Licensed Material.</td></tr><tr><td valign=”top” text-align=”right” width=”33px” align=”right” class=”SmStan”><b>2.2</b></td><td valign=”top” class=”SmStan”>One copy of the Licensed Material may be made for backup purposes only but may only be used if the original Licensed Material becomes defective, destroyed or otherwise irretrievably lost. Except as specifically provided in this Agreement, the Licensed Material may not be shared or copied for example by including it in a disc library, image storage jukebox, network configuration or other similar arrangement. Use which would be defamatory, pornographic or otherwise unlawful is prohibited. If Licensed Material featuring a person is used (i) in a manner that implies endorsement, use of or a connection to a product or service by that model; or (ii) in connection with a potentially unflattering or controversial subject, you must print a statement that indicates that the person is a model and is used for illustrative purposes only.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>3. Rights-Managed Still Fee.</b> For rights-managed still Licensed Material only, if at the end of 30 days you have not licensed the Licensed Material for end use in a final project, you will be invoiced a comp service fee in the amount of one hundred fifty dollars ($150) USD or such other local currency amount as Getty Images may apply from time to time. If, at any time within the 30-day comp license period, you license such rights-managed still Licensed Material for end use in a final project and do not subsequently cancel the license, the comp service fee will not be charged. Payment of the comp service fee relates solely to comping use during the 30-day comp license period and does not entitle you to make any additional use of the Licensed Material either before or after expiry of the 30 days.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>4. Film Access Fee.</b> Upon download of any film Licensed Material, you will be invoiced a non-refundable access service fee of one hundred fifty dollars ($150) USD or such other local currency amount as Getty Images may apply from time to time.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>5. Additional Rights Available.</b> If you are unsure of your usage rights under this Agreement or wish to use the Licensed Material in a manner not permitted by this Agreement (for example: online or as part of an advertisement or product), please contact your local Getty Images office.</td></tr></tbody></table><br><table cellpadding=”4px” border=”0″ cellspacing=”0″><tbody><tr><td colspan=”2″ class=”SmStan”><b>6. Warranty.</b> Getty Images warrants the digital copy of the Licensed Material in the form downloaded by you to be free from defects in material and workmanship for 30 days from delivery. 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General.</b> All rights to the Licensed Material are owned by Getty Images and/or its image partners and are protected by United States copyright laws, international treaty provisions and other applicable laws. Getty Images and its image partners retain all rights not expressly granted by this Agreement. The license contained in this Agreement will terminate automatically without notice from Getty Images upon expiry of the 30-day comp license period or, if sooner, upon you failing to comply with any provision of this Agreement. Upon termination, you must immediately stop using the Licensed Material and either destroy any digital Licensed Material or return the Licensed Material and all copies to Getty Images. </td></tr></tbody></table><br><p></p> </div><br />
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opacity: 0; } .cli-modal-backdrop.cli-show { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } .cli-modal { position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; z-index: 99999; -webkit-transform: scale(0); transform: scale(0); overflow: hidden; outline: 0; visibility: hidden; } .cli-modal.cli-show { visibility: visible; } .cli-modal a { text-decoration: none; } .cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog { position: relative; width: auto; margin: .5rem; pointer-events: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5; color: #212529; text-align: left; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; min-height: calc(100% – (.5rem * 2)) } @media (min-width: 576px) { .cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog { max-width: 500px; margin: 1.75rem auto; min-height: calc(100% – (1.75rem * 2)) } } .cli-modal-content { position: relative; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; width: 100%; pointer-events: auto; /* background-color: #fff; */ background-clip: padding-box; border-radius: .2rem; box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0 } .cli-modal .row { margin: 0 -15px; } .cli-modal-footer { position: relative; } .cli-modal .modal-body { padding: 0; position: relative; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; } .cli-modal .cli-modal-close:focus { outline: 0; } .cli-switch { display: inline-block; position: relative; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 38px; font-size: 14px; width: auto; } .cli-switch input[type=”checkbox”] { display: block; margin: 0; width: 0; position: absolute !important; left: 0 !important; opacity: 0 !important; } .cli-switch .cli-slider { background-color: #e3e1e8; height: 20px; width: 38px; bottom: 0; cursor: pointer; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; transition: .4s; } .cli-switch .cli-slider:before { bottom: 2px; content: “”; height: 15px; left: 3px; position: absolute; transition: .4s; width: 15px; } .cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider { background-color: #28a745; } .cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider:before { transform: translateX(18px); } .cli-switch .cli-slider { border-radius: 34px; font-size: 0; } .cli-switch .cli-slider:before { border-radius: 50%; } .cli-tab-content { /* background: #ffffff; */ } .cli-nav-pills { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0; list-style: none; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .cli-nav-pills, .cli-tab-content { width: 100%; padding: 5px 30px 5px 5px; box-sizing: border-box; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .cli-nav-pills, .cli-tab-content { padding: 30px 10px; } } .cli-nav-pills { background: #fff; } .cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link { border: 1px solid #cccccc; margin-bottom: 10px; color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 14px; display: block; padding: .5rem 1rem; border-radius: .25rem; cursor: pointer } .cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link.cli-active, .cli-nav-pills .cli-show>.cli-nav-link { background-color: #f6f6f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; } .cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link.cli-active { color: #2a2a2a; } .cli-tab-content .cli-button-wrapper { padding-top: 30px; margin-top: 30px; border-top: 1px solid #d6d6d6; } .cli-tab-content p { color: #343438; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0; } .cli-tab-content h4 { font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; margin-top: 0; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: inherit; } /* Cookie Settings In Bar */ #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-pills, #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-content, #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-pills .cli-show>.cli-nav-link, #cookie-law-info-bar a.cli-nav-link.cli-active { background: transparent; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link.cli-active, #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-link, #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-container p, #cookie-law-info-bar span.cli-necessary-caption, #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-switch .cli-slider:after { color: inherit; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-header a:before { border-right: 1px solid currentColor; border-bottom: 1px solid currentColor; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-row { margin-top: 20px; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-col-4 { -webkit-box-flex: 0; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; width: auto; max-width: none; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-col-8 { flex-basis: 0; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -ms-flex-positive: 1; flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; } .cli-wrapper { max-width: 100%; float: none; margin: 0 auto; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-content h4 { margin-bottom: 0.5rem; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link { padding: .2rem 0.5rem; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-container { display: none; text-align: left; } /* Popup Footer Styles */ .cli-tab-footer .cli-btn { padding: 10px 15px; width: auto; text-decoration: none; } .cli-tab-footer { width: 100%; text-align: right; padding: 20px 0; } /* version 2.0 */ .cli-col-12 { width: 100%; } .cli-tab-header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } .cli-tab-header a:before { width: 10px; height: 2px; left: 0; top: calc(50% – 1px); } .cli-tab-header a:after { width: 2px; height: 10px; left: 4px; top: calc(50% – 5px); -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .cli-tab-header a:before { width: 7px; height: 7px; border-right: 1px solid #4a6e78; border-bottom: 1px solid #4a6e78; content: ” “; transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; margin-right: 10px; } .cli-tab-header a.cli-nav-link { position: relative; display: flex; align-items: center; font-size: 14px; color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .cli-tab-header.cli-tab-active .cli-nav-link:before { transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; } .cli-tab-header { border-radius: 5px; padding: 12px 15px; cursor: pointer; transition: background-color 0.2s ease-out 0.3s, color 0.2s ease-out 0s; background-color: #f2f2f2; } .cli-modal .cli-modal-close { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: 1; -webkit-appearance: none; width: 40px; height: 40px; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; padding: 10px; background: transparent; border: none; } .cli-tab-container h4 { font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin: 10px 0; } .cli-tab-container p, .cli-privacy-content-text { font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0; padding: 0; color: #000; } .cli-tab-content { display: none; } .cli-tab-section .cli-tab-content { padding: 10px 20px 5px 20px; } .cli-tab-section { margin-top: 5px; } @media (min-width: 992px) { .cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog { max-width: 645px; } } .cli-switch .cli-slider:after { content: attr(data-cli-disable); position: absolute; right: 50px; font-size: 12px; text-align: right; min-width: 120px; } .cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider:after { content: attr(data-cli-enable); } a.cli-privacy-readmore { font-size: 12px; margin-top: 12px; display: inline-block; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline; } .cli-privacy-overview { padding-bottom: 12px; } a.cli-privacy-readmore:before { content: attr(data-readmore-text); } .cli-collapsed a.cli-privacy-readmore:before { content: attr(data-readless-text); } .cli-collapsed .cli-privacy-content { transition: max-height 0.25s ease-in; } .cli-privacy-content p { margin-bottom: 0; } .cli-modal-close svg { fill: #000; } span.cli-necessary-caption { color: #000; font-size: 12px; } .cli-tab-section.cli-privacy-tab { display: none; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-section.cli-privacy-tab { display: block; } #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-privacy-overview { display: none; } .cli-tab-container .cli-row { max-height: 500px; overflow-y: auto; } .cli-modal.cli-blowup.cli-out { z-index: -1; } .cli-modal.cli-blowup { z-index: 999999; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } .cli-modal.cli-blowup .cli-modal-dialog { animation: blowUpModal 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1) forwards; } .cli-modal.cli-blowup.cli-out .cli-modal-dialog { animation: blowUpModalTwo 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1) forwards; } @keyframes blowUpContent { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 99.9% { -webkit-transform: scale(2); transform: scale(2); opacity: 0; } 100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0); transform: scale(0); } } @keyframes blowUpContentTwo { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(2); transform: scale(2); opacity: 0; } 100% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } } @keyframes blowUpModal { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(0); transform: scale(0); } 100% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } @keyframes blowUpModalTwo { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 50% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); opacity: 0; } 100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0); transform: scale(0); opacity: 0; } } /* GDPR Bar Version 2 */ .cli-bar-container { float: none; margin: 0 auto; justify-content: space-between; display: flex; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; } .cli-style-v2 a { cursor: pointer; } .cli-style-v2 .cli-plugin-main-link { font-weight: inherit; } .cli-style-v2 { font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-type=”widget”] .cli-bar-container, #cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-type=”popup”] .cli-bar-container { display: block; } .cli-bar-message { width: 70%; text-align: left; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-type=”widget”] .cli-bar-message, #cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-type=”popup”] .cli-bar-message { width: 100%; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-style=”cli-style-v2″] .cli_messagebar_head { text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-bottom: 10px; } @media (max-width: 985px) { .cli-bar-message { width: 100%; } .cli-bar-container { justify-content: center; } } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-style=”cli-style-v2″] .wt-cli-ccpa-checkbox { display: block; } /* Cookie Style Version 3 */ .wt-cli-form-group input:disabled { opacity: 0.5; } .wt-cli-custom-checkbox input[type=”checkbox”] { border: 1px solid #b4b9be; background: #fff; color: #555; clear: none; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; line-height: 0; height: 16px; margin: -4px 4px 0 0; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px; min-width: 16px; -webkit-appearance: none; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1); transition: .05s border-color ease-in-out; } .wt-cli-custom-checkbox input[type=checkbox]:checked:before { content: ”; display: block; border: solid #61a229; width: 5px; height: 10px; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; transform: rotate(45deg); margin: 1px 0 0 5px; box-sizing: border-box; } .wt-cli-form-group { margin-right: 15px; } .cli-style-v3 .cli-bar-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; } .cli-style-v3 .cli-bar-btn_container, .cli-style-v3 .wt-cli-category-widget { margin-top: 10px; } .cli-style-v3 { text-align: left; } #cookie-law-info-bar a, .wt-cli-category-widget .wt-cli-form-group label { cursor: pointer; } .wt-cli-category-widget .wt-cli-form-group label { font-size: inherit; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″] { padding: 10px 90px; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″][data-cli-type=”widget”] { padding: 10px 20px; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″][data-cli-type=”popup”] { padding: 10px 20px; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″] .wt-cli-category-widget { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″] { text-align: left; font-size: 11pt; border: 1px solid #ffffffe6; } #cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″] h5 { margin: 10px 0; } .wt-cli-category-widget-active .cli-switch, .wt-cli-category-widget-active .wt-cli-necessary-checkbox, .wt-cli-category-widget-active .cli-necessary-caption { display: none !important; } @media (max-width: 985px) { #cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″] { padding: 10px 20px; } } /* Cookie settings popup */ .wt-cli-sr-only { display: none; } .wt-cli-cookie-bar-container.wt-cli-hide-bar { display: none !important; } .wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn { margin-left: 10px; } /* ADA changes */ .cli_settings_button:focus, #cookie-law-info-again:focus, #wt-cli-cookie-banner-title:focus, .cli-plugin-main-link, .cli_action_button, .cli-privacy-readmore, .cli-tab-header a, .cli-switch .cli-slider, .cli-tab-content .cli-tab-pane:focus { outline: 0; } .cli-plugin-button:focus { outline: 0; opacity: 0.7; } /* Settings popup footer section */ .wt-cli-ckyes-brand-logo { display: flex; align-items: center; font-size: 9px; color: #111111; font-weight: normal; } .wt-cli-ckyes-brand-logo img { width: 65px; margin-left: 2px; } .wt-cli-privacy-overview-actions { padding-bottom: 0; } <style><style id=’cookie-law-info-gdpr-inline-css’type=’text/css’>.cli-modal-content, .cli-tab-content { background-color: #ffffff; } .cli-privacy-content-text, .cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog, .cli-tab-container p, a.cli-privacy-readmore { color: #000000; } .cli-tab-header { background-color: #f2f2f2; } .cli-tab-header, .cli-tab-header a.cli-nav-link, span.cli-necessary-caption, .cli-switch .cli-slider:after { color: #000000; } .cli-switch .cli-slider:before { background-color: #ffffff; } .cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider:before { background-color: #ffffff; } .cli-switch .cli-slider { background-color: #e3e1e8; } .cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider { background-color: #28a745; } .cli-modal-close svg { fill: #000000; } .cli-tab-footer .wt-cli-privacy-accept-all-btn { background-color: #00acad; color: #ffffff } .cli-tab-footer .wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn { background-color: #00acad; color: #ffffff } .cli-tab-header a:before { border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; } </style> <script type=’text/javascript’ id=’cookie-law-info-js-extra’> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Cli_Data = { “nn_cookie_ids”: [“__cfduid”, “__utma”, “__utmc”, “__utmz”, “__utmt”, “__utmb”, “_exposure_session”, “_gat_gtag_UA_64856472_1”, “timezone”, “test_cookie”, “em_cdn_uid”, “idsync-ttd-uid”, “idsync-ttd-profile”, “idsync-dbm-uid”, “idsync-dbm-profile”, “idsync-dyn-uid”, “idsync-dyn-profile”, “idsync-mm-uid”, “idsync-mm-profile”, “idsync-cto-uid”, “idsync-cto-profile”, “idsync-acu-uid”, “idsync-acu-profile”, “YTC”, “vuid”, “tuuid”, “c”, “tuuid_lu”, “TapAd_TS”, “TapAd_DID”, “stn”, “auid”, “wfivefivec”, “TDCPM”, “rmuid”, “icts”, “SERVERID”, “OAID”, “tsUserData”, “rlas3”, “TDID”, “adtheorent[cuid]”, “pxrc”, “bkdc”, “bkpa”, “bku”, “ssi”, “_ssum”, “uuidc”, “did”, “didts”, “nnls”, “lang”, “sc_anonymous_id”, “wp_woocommerce_session_73e816ca578746b9d2140fca098c8954”, “EE”, “ud”, “uuid”, “idsync-uuid”, “idsync-ts”, “idsync-qs”, “gu-uuid”, “gu-ts”, “gu-qs”, “session-set”, “amazon-pay-abtesting-new-widgets”, “amazon-pay-abtesting-apa-migration”, “language”, “m”, “S”, “NID”, “VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE”, “GPS”, “YSC”, “IDE”, “PHPSESSID”, “vis”, “pmpro_visit”, “_ga”, “_gid”, “_gat”, “__stripe_mid”, “__stripe_sid”, “apay-status-v2”, “ubid-main”, “session-token”, “session-id”, “session-id-time”, “viewed_cookie_policy”], “cookielist”: [], “non_necessary_cookies”: [], “ccpaEnabled”: “”, “ccpaRegionBased”: “”, “ccpaBarEnabled”: “”, “strictlyEnabled”: [“necessary”, “obligatoire”], “ccpaType”: “gdpr”, “js_blocking”: “”, “custom_integration”: “”, “triggerDomRefresh”: “”, “secure_cookies”: “” }; var cli_cookiebar_settings = { “animate_speed_hide”: “500”, “animate_speed_show”: “500”, “background”: “#ffffff”, “border”: “#b1a6a6c2”, “border_on”: “”, “button_1_button_colour”: “#000”, “button_1_button_hover”: “#000000”, “button_1_link_colour”: “#ffffff”, “button_1_as_button”: “1”, “button_1_new_win”: “”, “button_2_button_colour”: “#000”, “button_2_button_hover”: “#000000”, “button_2_link_colour”: “#000”, “button_2_as_button”: “”, “button_2_hidebar”: “”, “button_3_button_colour”: “#000”, “button_3_button_hover”: “#000000”, “button_3_link_colour”: “#fff”, “button_3_as_button”: “1”, “button_3_new_win”: “”, “button_4_button_colour”: “#e8e8e8”, “button_4_button_hover”: “#bababa”, “button_4_link_colour”: “#0a0a0a”, “button_4_as_button”: “1”, “button_7_button_colour”: “#61a229”, “button_7_button_hover”: “#4e8221”, “button_7_link_colour”: “#fff”, “button_7_as_button”: “1”, “button_7_new_win”: “”, “font_family”: “inherit”, “header_fix”: “”, “notify_animate_hide”: “1”, “notify_animate_show”: “1”, “notify_div_id”: “#cookie-law-info-bar”, “notify_position_horizontal”: “left”, “notify_position_vertical”: “bottom”, “scroll_close”: “”, “scroll_close_reload”: “1”, “accept_close_reload”: “”, “reject_close_reload”: “”, “showagain_tab”: “1”, “showagain_background”: “#fff”, “showagain_border”: “#000”, “showagain_div_id”: “#cookie-law-info-again”, “showagain_x_position”: “100px”, “text”: “#000”, “show_once_yn”: “”, “show_once”: “10000”, “logging_on”: “1”, “as_popup”: “”, “popup_overlay”: “1”, “bar_heading_text”: “We Need Your Consent “, “cookie_bar_as”: “banner”, “popup_showagain_position”: “bottom-right”, “widget_position”: “left” }; var log_object = { “ajax_url”: “https:\/\/www.fairobserver.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php” }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type=’text/javascript’> CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME = (typeof CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME !== ‘undefined’ ? CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME : ‘viewed_cookie_policy’); CLI_PREFERNCE_COOKIE = (typeof CLI_PREFERNCE_COOKIE !== ‘undefined’ ? CLI_PREFERNCE_COOKIE : ‘CookieLawInfoConsent’); CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE = (typeof CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE !== ‘undefined’ ? CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE : 365); CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP = (typeof CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP !== ‘undefined’ ? CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP : false); var CLI_Cookie = { set: function(name, value, days) { var domain = (Cli_Data.cookieDomain !== ” ? “;domain=” + Cli_Data.cookieDomain : ”); var date = new Date(); date.setTime(date.getTime() + (days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)); var expires = “;expires=” + date.toGMTString(); if (days < 1) { this.eraseCookie(name, expires); } else { document.cookie = name + “=” + value + expires + domain + “;path=/”; } }, read: function(name) { var nameEQ = name + “=”; var ca = document.cookie.split(‘;’); for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0) == ‘ ‘) { c = c.substring(1, c.length); } if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) === 0) { return c.substring(nameEQ.length, c.length); } } return null; }, erase: function(name) { this.set(name, “”, -10); }, eraseCookie: function(name, expires, index) { if (this.cookieExist(name) === false) { return false; } var _hostname = window.location.hostname; var value = “”; if (typeof index === ‘undefined’) { index = 0; } if (index === 0) { _hostname = _hostname.substring(_hostname.lastIndexOf(“.”, _hostname.lastIndexOf(“.”) – 1)); } else if (index === 1) { _hostname = (Cli_Data.cookieDomain !== ” ? Cli_Data.cookieDomain : ”); } else if (index === 2) { if (_hostname.indexOf(“www”) != 1) { _hostname = _hostname.replace(‘www’, ”); } } index = index + 1; document.cookie = name + “=” + value + expires + “;domain=” + _hostname + “;path=/”; if (index <= 2) { this.eraseCookie(name, expires, index); } }, exists: function(name) { return (this.read(name) !== null); }, getallcookies: function() { var pairs = document.cookie.split(“;”); var cookieslist = {}; for (var i = 0; i < pairs.length; i++) { var pair = pairs[i].split(“=”); cookieslist[(pair[0] + ”).trim()] = unescape(pair[1]); } return cookieslist; }, cookieExist: function(name) { cookie_pattern = new RegExp(“^(.*;)?\\s*” + name + “\\s*=\\s*[^;]+(.*)?$”); if (!document.cookie.match(cookie_pattern)) { return false; } return true; } } var CLI = { bar_config: {}, consent: {}, allowedCategories: [], showagain_config: {}, set: function(args) { if (typeof JSON.parse !== “function”) { console.log(“CookieLawInfo requires JSON.parse but your browser doesn’t support it”); return; } if (typeof args.settings !== ‘object’) { this.settings = JSON.parse(args.settings); } else { this.settings = args.settings; } this.bar_elm = jQuery(this.settings.notify_div_id); this.showagain_elm = jQuery(this.settings.showagain_div_id); this.banner_heading = jQuery(‘#wt-cli-cookie-banner-title’); //buttons this.main_button = jQuery(‘.cli-plugin-main-button’); this.main_link = jQuery(‘.cli-plugin-main-link’); this.reject_link = jQuery(‘.cookie_action_close_header_reject’); this.settings_link = jQuery(‘.cli_settings_button’); this.delete_link = jQuery(“.cookielawinfo-cookie-delete”); this.accept_all_button = jQuery(‘.wt-cli-accept-all-btn’); if (this.settings.cookie_bar_as == ‘popup’) { CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP = true; } this.cliRenewConsent(); this.configBar(); this.toggleBar(); this.attachDelete(); this.attachEvents(); this.configButtons(); this.addStyleAttribute(); this.settingsPopUp(); this.cookieLawInfoRunCallBacks(); this.acceptPageNavigation(); var cli_hidebar_on_readmore = this.hideBarInReadMoreLink(); if (this.settings.scroll_close === true && cli_hidebar_on_readmore === false) { window.addEventListener(“scroll”, CLI.closeOnScroll, false); } }, hideBarInReadMoreLink: function() { if (CLI.settings.button_2_hidebar === true && this.main_link.length > 0 && this.main_link.hasClass(‘cli-minimize-bar’)) { jQuery(‘.wt-cli-cookie-bar-container’).addClass(‘wt-cli-hide-bar’); this.hideHeader(); this.showagain_elm.slideDown(this.settings.animate_speed_show); return true; } return false; }, settingsPopUp: function() { jQuery(document).on(‘click keypress’, ‘.cli_settings_button’, function(e) { var key = e.which; e.preventDefault(); if (key === 1 || key === 13) { if (CLI.settings.cookie_setting_popup == true) { jQuery(‘#cliSettingsPopup’).addClass(“cli-show”).css({ ‘opacity’: 0 }).animate({ ‘opacity’: 1 }); jQuery(‘#cliSettingsPopup’).removeClass(‘cli-blowup cli-out’).addClass(“cli-blowup”); jQuery(‘#cliSettingsPopup’).attr(‘aria-hidden’, false); jQuery(‘body’).addClass(“cli-modal-open”); jQuery(“.cli-settings-overlay”).addClass(“cli-show”); jQuery(“#cookie-law-info-bar”).css({ ‘opacity’: .1 }); jQuery(“#cliModalClose”).focus(); if (!jQuery(‘.cli-settings-mobile’).is(‘:visible’)) { jQuery(‘#cliSettingsPopup’).find(‘.cli-nav-link:eq(0)’).click(); } } else { jQuery(‘#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-container’).slideToggle(CLI.settings.animate_speed_show); } } }); jQuery(‘#cliModalClose’).click(function() { CLI.settingsPopUpClose(); }); jQuery(‘#cliModalClose’).keydown(function(e) { var key = e.which if (key === 9) { if (e.shiftKey === true) { e.preventDefault() jQuery(‘#wt-cli-privacy-save-btn’).focus() } } }); document.addEventListener(‘keydown’, function(e) { var key = e.which; if (key === 27 && jQuery(‘#cliSettingsPopup’).hasClass(‘cli-show’)) { CLI.settingsPopUpClose(); } }); jQuery(“#cliSettingsPopup”).click(function(e) { if (!(document.getElementsByClassName(‘cli-modal-dialog’)[0].contains(e.target))) { CLI.settingsPopUpClose(); } }); jQuery(‘.cli_enable_all_btn’).click(function() { var cli_toggle_btn = jQuery(this); var enable_text = cli_toggle_btn.attr(‘data-enable-text’); var disable_text = cli_toggle_btn.attr(‘data-disable-text’); if (cli_toggle_btn.hasClass(‘cli-enabled’)) { CLI.disableAllCookies(); cli_toggle_btn.html(enable_text); } else { CLI.enableAllCookies(); cli_toggle_btn.html(disable_text); } jQuery(this).toggleClass(‘cli-enabled’); }); this.settingsTabbedAccordion(); this.toggleUserPreferenceCheckBox(); this.privacyReadmore(); }, settingsTabbedAccordion: function() { jQuery(document).on(‘click keypress’, ‘.cli-tab-header’, function(e) { if (!(jQuery(e.target).hasClass(‘cli-slider’) || jQuery(e.target).hasClass(‘cli-user-preference-checkbox’))) { var key = e.which; e.preventDefault(); if (key === 1 || key === 13) { var currentElement = jQuery(this); var tabLink = currentElement.closest(‘.cli-tab-header’).find(‘.cli-nav-link’); if (currentElement.hasClass(“cli-tab-active”)) { currentElement.removeClass(“cli-tab-active”); currentElement.siblings(“.cli-tab-content”).slideUp(200); tabLink.attr(‘aria-expanded’, false); } else { jQuery(“.cli-tab-header”).removeClass(“cli-tab-active”); currentElement.addClass(“cli-tab-active”); jQuery(“.cli-tab-content”).slideUp(200); currentElement.siblings(“.cli-tab-content”).slideDown(200); tabLink.attr(‘aria-expanded’, true); } } } }); }, settingsPopUpClose: function() { jQuery(‘#cliSettingsPopup’).removeClass(‘cli-show’); jQuery(‘#cliSettingsPopup’).addClass(‘cli-out’); jQuery(‘#cliSettingsPopup’).attr(‘aria-hidden’, true); jQuery(‘body’).removeClass(“cli-modal-open”); jQuery(“.cli-settings-overlay”).removeClass(“cli-show”); jQuery(“#cookie-law-info-bar”).css({ ‘opacity’: 1 }); jQuery(“.cli_settings_button”).focus(); }, toggleUserPreferenceCheckBox: function() { jQuery(‘.cli-user-preference-checkbox’).each(function() { var categoryCookie = ‘cookielawinfo-‘ + jQuery(this).attr(‘data-id’); var categoryCookieValue = CLI_Cookie.read(categoryCookie); if (categoryCookieValue == null) { if (jQuery(this).is(‘:checked’)) { CLI_Cookie.set(categoryCookie, ‘yes’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); } else { CLI_Cookie.set(categoryCookie, ‘no’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); } } else { if (categoryCookieValue == “yes”) { jQuery(this).prop(“checked”, true); } else { jQuery(this).prop(“checked”, false); } } }); jQuery(‘.cli-user-preference-checkbox’).click(function() { var dataID = jQuery(this).attr(‘data-id’); var currentToggleElm = jQuery(‘.cli-user-preference-checkbox[data-id=’ + dataID + ‘]’); if (jQuery(this).is(‘:checked’)) { CLI_Cookie.set(‘cookielawinfo-‘ + dataID, ‘yes’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); currentToggleElm.prop(‘checked’, true); } else { CLI_Cookie.set(‘cookielawinfo-‘ + dataID, ‘no’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); currentToggleElm.prop(‘checked’, false); } CLI.checkCategories(); CLI.generate_user_preference_cookie(); CLI.generateConsent(); }); }, attachEvents: function() { jQuery(document).on(‘click keypress’, ‘.wt-cli-privacy-btn’, function(e) { var key = e.which; e.preventDefault(); if (key === 1 || key === 13) { var action = jQuery(this).attr(‘data-cli-action’); if (action === ‘accept_all’) { CLI.enableAllCookies(); } CLI.accept_close(); CLI.saveLog(‘accept’); CLI.settingsPopUpClose(); } }); jQuery(‘.wt-cli-privacy-overview-actions’).find(‘a’).last().keydown(function(e) { var key = e.which if (key === 9) { if (e.shiftKey === false) { e.preventDefault() jQuery(‘#cliModalClose’).focus() } } }); jQuery(document).on(‘click keypress’, ‘.cli_action_button’, function(e) { var key = e.which; e.preventDefault(); if (key === 1 || key === 13) { var elm = jQuery(this); var button_action = elm.attr(‘data-cli_action’); var open_link = elm[0].hasAttribute(“href”) && elm.attr(“href”).charAt(0) !== ‘#’ ? true : false; var new_window = false; if (button_action == ‘accept’) { if (e.originalEvent !== undefined) { if (CLI.settings.accept_all == true) { CLI.enableAllCookies(); } } else { CLI.settingsPopUpClose(); } CLI.accept_close(); new_window = CLI.settings.button_1_new_win ? true : false; } else if (button_action == ‘accept_all’) { CLI.enableAllCookies(); CLI.accept_close(); new_window = CLI.settings.button_7_new_win ? true : false; } else if (button_action == ‘reject’) { CLI.disableAllCookies(); CLI.reject_close(); new_window = CLI.settings.button_3_new_win ? true : false; } CLI.saveLog(button_action); if (open_link) { if (new_window) { window.open(elm.attr(“href”), ‘_blank’); } else { window.location.href = elm.attr(“href”); } } } }); jQuery(document).on(‘click’, ‘.cli_cookie_close_button’, function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var elm = jQuery(this); var button_action = elm.attr(‘data-cli_action’); if (CLI.settings.accept_all == true) { CLI.enableAllCookies(); } CLI.accept_close(); CLI.saveLog(button_action); }); }, saveLog: function(button_action) { if (CLI.settings.logging_on) { var ccpaOptedOut = cliBlocker.ccpaOptedOut(); cookies = CLI_Cookie.getallcookies(); cookies.ccpaOptout = ccpaOptedOut; jQuery.ajax({ url: log_object.ajax_url, type: ‘POST’, data: { action: ‘wt_log_visitor_action’, wt_clicked_button_id: ”, wt_user_action: button_action, cookie_list: cookies }, success: function(response) { } }); } }, attachDelete: function() { this.delete_link.click(function() { CLI_Cookie.erase(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME); for (var k in Cli_Data.nn_cookie_ids) { CLI_Cookie.erase(Cli_Data.nn_cookie_ids[k]); } CLI.generate_user_preference_cookie(); CLI.generateConsent(); window.location.reload(); return false; }); }, configButtons: function() { //[cookie_button] this.main_button.css(‘color’, this.settings.button_1_link_colour); if (this.settings.button_1_as_button) { this.main_button.css(‘background-color’, this.settings.button_1_button_colour); this.main_button.hover(function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_1_button_hover); }, function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_1_button_colour); }); } //[cookie_link] this.main_link.css(‘color’, this.settings.button_2_link_colour); if (this.settings.button_2_as_button) { this.main_link.css(‘background-color’, this.settings.button_2_button_colour); this.main_link.hover(function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_2_button_hover); }, function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_2_button_colour); }); } //[cookie_reject] this.reject_link.css(‘color’, this.settings.button_3_link_colour); if (this.settings.button_3_as_button) { this.reject_link.css(‘background-color’, this.settings.button_3_button_colour); this.reject_link.hover(function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_3_button_hover); }, function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_3_button_colour); }); } //[cookie_settings] this.settings_link.css(‘color’, this.settings.button_4_link_colour); if (this.settings.button_4_as_button) { this.settings_link.css(‘background-color’, this.settings.button_4_button_colour); this.settings_link.hover(function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_4_button_hover); }, function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_4_button_colour); }); } //[cookie_accept_all] this.accept_all_button.css(‘color’, this.settings.button_7_link_colour); if (this.settings.button_7_as_button) { this.accept_all_button.css(‘background-color’, this.settings.button_7_button_colour); this.accept_all_button.hover(function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_7_button_hover); }, function() { jQuery(this).css(‘background-color’, CLI.settings.button_7_button_colour); }); } }, toggleBar: function() { if (CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP) { this.barAsPopUp(1); } if (CLI.settings.cookie_bar_as == ‘widget’) { this.barAsWidget(1); } if (this.settings.show_once_yn) { setTimeout(function() { if (!CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME)) { CLI.close_header(); } }, CLI.settings.show_once); } this.showagain_elm.on(‘click keypress’, function(e) { var key = e.which; if (key === 1 || key === 13) { e.preventDefault(); CLI.showagain_elm.slideUp(CLI.settings.animate_speed_hide, function() { CLI.bar_elm.slideDown(CLI.settings.animate_speed_show); CLI.refocusElement(); if (CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP) { CLI.showPopupOverlay(); } }); } }); }, configShowAgain: function() { this.showagain_config = { ‘background-color’: this.settings.background, ‘color’: this.settings.text, ‘position’: ‘fixed’, ‘font-family’: this.settings.font_family }; if (this.settings.border_on) { var border_to_hide = ‘border-‘ + this.settings.notify_position_vertical; this.showagain_config[‘border’] = ‘1px solid ‘ + this.l1hs(this.settings.border); this.showagain_config[border_to_hide] = ‘none’; } var cli_win = jQuery(window); var cli_winw = cli_win.width(); var showagain_x_pos = this.settings.showagain_x_position; if (cli_winw < 300) { showagain_x_pos = 10; this.showagain_config.width = cli_winw – 20; } else { this.showagain_config.width = ‘auto’; } var cli_defw = cli_winw > 400 ? 500 : cli_winw – 20; if (CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP) //cookie bar as popup { var sa_pos = this.settings.popup_showagain_position; var sa_pos_arr = sa_pos.split(‘-‘); if (sa_pos_arr[1] == ‘left’) { this.showagain_config.left = showagain_x_pos; } else if (sa_pos_arr[1] == ‘right’) { this.showagain_config.right = showagain_x_pos; } if (sa_pos_arr[0] == ‘top’) { this.showagain_config.top = 0; } else if (sa_pos_arr[0] == ‘bottom’) { this.showagain_config.bottom = 0; } this.bar_config[‘position’] = ‘fixed’; } else if (this.settings.cookie_bar_as == ‘widget’) { this.showagain_config.bottom = 0; if (this.settings.widget_position == ‘left’) { this.showagain_config.left = showagain_x_pos; } else if (this.settings.widget_position == ‘right’) { this.showagain_config.right = showagain_x_pos; } } else { if (this.settings.notify_position_vertical == “top”) { this.showagain_config.top = ‘0’; } else if (this.settings.notify_position_vertical == “bottom”) { this.bar_config[‘position’] = ‘fixed’; this.bar_config[‘bottom’] = ‘0’; this.showagain_config.bottom = ‘0’; } if (this.settings.notify_position_horizontal == “left”) { this.showagain_config.left = showagain_x_pos; } else if (this.settings.notify_position_horizontal == “right”) { this.showagain_config.right = showagain_x_pos; } } this.showagain_elm.css(this.showagain_config); }, configBar: function() { var templateID = ”; this.bar_config = { ‘background-color’: this.settings.background, ‘color’: this.settings.text, ‘font-family’: this.settings.font_family }; if (jQuery(“.wt-cli-template”)[0]) { var templateElm = jQuery(“.wt-cli-template”); var templateClasses = templateElm.attr(‘class’); var templateClasses = templateClasses.split(” “); var matchingID = templateClasses.filter(function(value) { return value.match(/\bcli-style/); }); templateID = matchingID[0]; this.bar_elm.attr(‘data-template-id’, templateID); } if (jQuery(“.wt-cli-category-widget”)[0]) { this.bar_elm.addClass(‘wt-cli-category-widget-active’); } if (this.settings.cookie_setting_popup === false) { this.barPopupStyle(); } if (this.settings.notify_position_vertical == “top”) { this.bar_config[‘top’] = ‘0’; if (this.settings.header_fix === true) { this.bar_config[‘position’] = ‘fixed’; } } else { this.bar_config[‘bottom’] = ‘0’; } this.configShowAgain(); this.bar_elm.css(this.bar_config).hide(); }, l1hs: function(str) { if (str.charAt(0) == “#”) { str = str.substring(1, str.length); } else { return “#” + str; } return this.l1hs(str); }, close_header: function() { CLI_Cookie.set(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME, ‘yes’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); if (CLI.settings.accept_all == true) { CLI.enableAllCookies(); } CLI.accept_close(); this.hideHeader(); CLI.saveLog(‘accept’); }, accept_close: function() { this.hidePopupOverlay(); CLI_Cookie.set(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME, ‘yes’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); if (this.settings.notify_animate_hide) { this.bar_elm.slideUp(this.settings.animate_speed_hide, cliBlocker.runScripts); } else { this.bar_elm.hide(0, cliBlocker.runScripts); } if (this.settings.showagain_tab) { this.showagain_elm.slideDown(this.settings.animate_speed_show); this.showagain_elm.focus(); } this.generate_user_preference_cookie(); this.generateConsent(); CLI.cookieLawInfoRunCallBacks(); if (this.settings.accept_close_reload === true) { this.reload_current_page(); } return false; }, reject_close: function() { this.hidePopupOverlay(); for (var k in Cli_Data.nn_cookie_ids) { CLI_Cookie.erase(Cli_Data.nn_cookie_ids[k]); } CLI_Cookie.set(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME, ‘no’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); if (this.settings.notify_animate_hide) { this.bar_elm.slideUp(this.settings.animate_speed_hide, cliBlocker.runScripts); } else { this.bar_elm.hide(0, cliBlocker.runScripts); } if (this.settings.showagain_tab) { this.showagain_elm.slideDown(this.settings.animate_speed_show); this.showagain_elm.focus(); } this.generate_user_preference_cookie(); CLI.generateConsent(); if (this.settings.reject_close_reload === true) { this.reload_current_page(); } return false; }, generate_user_preference_cookie: function() { var cli_user_preference_arr = new Array(); var cli_user_preference_val = ”; if (CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME)) { cli_user_preference_arr.push(‘cli-‘ + CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME)); } jQuery(‘.cli-user-preference-checkbox’).each(function() { if (jQuery(this).is(‘:checked’)) { cli_user_preference_arr.push(jQuery(this).attr(‘data-id’) + ‘-yes’); } else { cli_user_preference_arr.push(jQuery(this).attr(‘data-id’) + ‘-no’); } }); if (cli_user_preference_arr.length > 0) { cli_user_preference_val = Cli_Data.current_lang + ‘-‘ + cli_user_preference_arr.join(‘-‘); } CLI_Cookie.set(‘cli_user_preference’, cli_user_preference_val, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); }, isBase64: function(str) { if (str === ” || str.trim() === ”) { return false; } try { return btoa(atob(str)) == str; } catch (err) { return false; } }, generateConsent: function() { var preferenceCookie = CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_PREFERNCE_COOKIE); cliConsent = {}; if (preferenceCookie !== null) { if (CLI.isBase64(preferenceCookie)) { cliConsent = window.atob(preferenceCookie); } else { cliConsent = decodeURIComponent(preferenceCookie); } cliConsent = JSON.parse(cliConsent); } cliConsent.ver = Cli_Data.consentVersion; categories = []; jQuery(‘.cli-user-preference-checkbox’).each(function() { categoryVal = ”; cli_chkbox_data_id = jQuery(this).attr(‘data-id’); cli_chkbox_data_id = cli_chkbox_data_id.replace(‘checkbox-‘, ”); if (jQuery(this).is(‘:checked’)) { categoryVal = ‘true’; } else { categoryVal = ‘false’; } cliConsent[cli_chkbox_data_id] = categoryVal; }); cliConsent = JSON.stringify(cliConsent); cliConsent = window.btoa(cliConsent); CLI_Cookie.set(CLI_PREFERNCE_COOKIE, cliConsent, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); }, cliRenewConsent: function() { var preferenceCookie = CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_PREFERNCE_COOKIE); if (preferenceCookie !== null) { if (CLI.isBase64(preferenceCookie)) { cliConsent = window.atob(preferenceCookie); } else { cliConsent = decodeURIComponent(preferenceCookie); } cliConsent = JSON.parse(cliConsent); consentCurrentVersion = parseInt(cliConsent.ver); consentRenewVersion = parseInt(Cli_Data.consentVersion); if (typeof(cliConsent.ver) !== ‘undefined’) { if (cliConsent.ver !== Cli_Data.consentVersion) { CLI_Cookie.erase(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME); CLI_Cookie.erase(CLI_PREFERNCE_COOKIE); CLI_Cookie.erase(‘cli_user_preference’); for (var k in Cli_Data.nn_cookie_ids) { CLI_Cookie.erase(Cli_Data.nn_cookie_ids[k]); } } } } }, reload_current_page: function() { window.location.reload(); }, add_clear_cache_url_query: function() { var cli_rand = new Date().getTime() / 1000; var cli_url = window.location.href; var cli_hash_arr = cli_url.split(‘#’); var cli_urlparts = cli_hash_arr[0].split(‘?’); if (cli_urlparts.length >= 2) { var cli_url_arr = cli_urlparts[1].split(‘&’); cli_url_temp_arr = new Array(); for (var cli_i = 0; cli_i < cli_url_arr.length; cli_i++) { var cli_temp_url_arr = cli_url_arr[cli_i].split(‘=’); if (cli_temp_url_arr[0] == ‘cli_action’) { } else { cli_url_temp_arr.push(cli_url_arr[cli_i]); } } cli_urlparts[1] = cli_url_temp_arr.join(‘&’); cli_url = cli_urlparts.join(‘?’) + (cli_url_temp_arr.length > 0 ? ‘&’ : ”) + ‘cli_action=’; } else { cli_url = cli_hash_arr[0] + ‘?cli_action=’; } cli_url += cli_rand; if (cli_hash_arr.length > 1) { cli_url += ‘#’ + cli_hash_arr[1]; } return cli_url; }, closeOnScroll: function() { if (window.pageYOffset > 100 && !CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME)) { if (CLI.settings.accept_all == true) { CLI.enableAllCookies(); } CLI.accept_close(); CLI.saveLog(‘accept’); if (CLI.settings.scroll_close_reload === true) { window.location.reload(); } window.removeEventListener(“scroll”, CLI.closeOnScroll, false); } }, displayHeader: function() { if (this.settings.notify_animate_show) { this.bar_elm.slideDown(this.settings.animate_speed_show); } else { this.bar_elm.show(); CLI.refocusElement(); } this.showagain_elm.hide(); if (CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP) { this.showPopupOverlay(); } }, hideHeader: function() { if (this.settings.showagain_tab) { if (this.settings.notify_animate_show) { this.showagain_elm.slideDown(this.settings.animate_speed_show); } else { this.showagain_elm.show(); } } else { this.showagain_elm.hide(); } this.bar_elm.slideUp(this.settings.animate_speed_show); this.hidePopupOverlay(); }, hidePopupOverlay: function() { jQuery(‘body’).removeClass(“cli-barmodal-open”); jQuery(“.cli-popupbar-overlay”).removeClass(“cli-show”); }, showPopupOverlay: function() { if (this.bar_elm.length) { if (this.settings.popup_overlay) { if (!(this.main_link.hasClass(‘cli-minimize-bar’))) { jQuery(‘body’).addClass(“cli-barmodal-open”); jQuery(“.cli-popupbar-overlay”).addClass(“cli-show”); } } } }, barAsWidget: function(a) { var cli_elm = this.bar_elm; cli_elm.attr(‘data-cli-type’, ‘widget’); var cli_win = jQuery(window); var cli_winh = cli_win.height() – 40; var cli_winw = cli_win.width(); var cli_defw = cli_winw > 465 ? 445 : cli_winw – 60; cli_elm.css({ ‘width’: cli_defw, ‘height’: ‘auto’, ‘max-height’: cli_winh, ‘overflow’: ‘auto’, ‘position’: ‘fixed’, ‘box-shadow’: ‘rgba(0,0,0,.5) 0px 5px 10px’, ‘box-sizing’: ‘border-box’ }); if (this.settings.widget_position == ‘left’) { cli_elm.css({ ‘left’: ’30px’, ‘right’: ‘auto’, ‘bottom’: ’30px’, ‘top’: ‘auto’ }); } else { cli_elm.css({ ‘left’: ‘auto’, ‘right’: ’30px’, ‘bottom’: ’30px’, ‘top’: ‘auto’ }); } if (a) { this.setResize(); } }, barAsPopUp: function(a) { if (typeof cookie_law_info_bar_as_popup === ‘function’) { return false; } var cli_elm = this.bar_elm; cli_elm.attr(‘data-cli-type’, ‘popup’); var cli_win = jQuery(window); var cli_winh = cli_win.height(); var cli_defh = cli_winh > 500 ? 500 : cli_winh; var cli_winw = cli_win.width(); var cli_defw = cli_winw > 700 ? 500 : cli_winw – 20; //var cli_defw=cli_defw<500 ? 500 : cli_defw; cli_elm.css({ ‘width’: cli_defw, ‘height’: ‘auto’, ‘max-height’: cli_defh, ‘bottom’: ”, ‘top’: ‘50%’, ‘left’: ‘50%’, ‘transform’: ‘translate(-50%, -50%)’, ‘overflow’: ‘auto’ }); if (a) { this.setResize(); } }, setResize: function() { var resizeTmr = null; jQuery(window).resize(function() { clearTimeout(resizeTmr); resizeTmr = setTimeout(function() { if (CLI_COOKIEBAR_AS_POPUP) { CLI.barAsPopUp(); } if (CLI.settings.cookie_bar_as == ‘widget’) { CLI.barAsWidget(); } CLI.configShowAgain(); }, 500); }); }, isValidHex: function(color) { if (!color || typeof color !== ‘string’) return false; // Validate hex values if (color.substring(0, 1) === ‘#’) color = color.substring(1); switch (color.length) { case 3: return /^[0-9A-F]{3}$/i.test(color); case 6: return /^[0-9A-F]{6}$/i.test(color); case 8: return /^[0-9A-F]{8}$/i.test(color); default: return false; } return false; }, ColorLuminance: function(hex, lum) { // validate hex string hex = String(hex).replace(/[^0-9a-f]/gi, ”); if (hex.length < 6) { hex = hex[0] + hex[0] + hex[1] + hex[1] + hex[2] + hex[2]; } lum = lum || 0; // convert to decimal and change luminosity var rgb = “#”, c, i; for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { c = parseInt(hex.substr(i * 2, 2), 16); c = Math.round(Math.min(Math.max(0, c + (c * lum)), 255)).toString(16); rgb += (“00” + c).substr(c.length); } return rgb; }, rgb2hex: function(rgb) { rgb = rgb.match(/^rgba?[\s+]?\([\s+]?(\d+)[\s+]?,[\s+]?(\d+)[\s+]?,[\s+]?(\d+)[\s+]?/i); return (rgb && rgb.length === 4) ? “#” + (“0” + parseInt(rgb[1], 10).toString(16)).slice(-2) + (“0” + parseInt(rgb[2], 10).toString(16)).slice(-2) + (“0″ + parseInt(rgb[3], 10).toString(16)).slice(-2) : ”; }, lightOrDark: function(color) { // Variables for red, green, blue values var r, g, b, hsp; // Check the format of the color, HEX or RGB? if (color.match(/^rgb/)) { // If HEX –> store the red, green, blue values in separate variables color = color.match(/^rgba?\((\d+),\s*(\d+),\s*(\d+)(?:,\s*(\d+(?:\.\d+)?))?\)$/); r = color[1]; g = color[2]; b = color[3]; } else { // If RGB –> Convert it to HEX: http://gist.github.com/983661 color = +(“0x” + color.slice(1).replace( color.length < 5 && /./g, ‘$&$&’)); r = color >> 16; g = color >> 8 & 255; b = color & 255; } // HSP (Highly Sensitive Poo) equation from http://alienryderflex.com/hsp.html hsp = Math.sqrt( 0.299 * (r * r) + 0.587 * (g * g) + 0.114 * (b * b) ); // Using the HSP value, determine whether the color is light or dark if (hsp > 127.5) { return ‘light’; } else { return ‘dark’; } }, barPopupStyle: function() { var acceptBtn = jQuery(‘.cli_action_button[data-cli_action=accept]’); var primaryColor = this.settings.button_1_button_colour; var primaryLinkColor = this.settings.button_1_link_colour; var barColor = this.settings.background; var extractedStyle = ”; var primaryBtnStyle = this.settings.button_1_style; Object.keys(primaryBtnStyle).forEach(function(element) { extractedStyle += primaryBtnStyle[element][0] + ‘:’ + primaryBtnStyle[element][1] + ‘;’; }); var shadeColor; if (!CLI.isValidHex(barColor)) { barColor = CLI.rgb2hex(barColor); } if (barColor == “#000000”) { shadeColor = ‘#191919’; } else { var intensity = CLI.lightOrDark(barColor); if (intensity == ‘light’) { shadeColor = CLI.ColorLuminance(barColor, -0.05); } else { shadeColor = CLI.ColorLuminance(barColor, 0.4); } } jQuery(“<style>”) .prop(“type”, “text/css”) .html(“\ #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-switch input:checked + .cli-slider{\ background-color: ” + primaryColor + “;\ }\ #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-header{\ background-color: ” + shadeColor + “\ }\ #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-switch .cli-slider:before{\ background-color: ” + barColor + “;\ }\ #cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-footer .cli-btn{\ background-color:” + primaryColor + “;” + extractedStyle + “\ }\ “).appendTo(“head”); }, enableAllCookies: function() { jQuery(‘.cli-user-preference-checkbox’).each(function() { var cli_chkbox_elm = jQuery(this); var cli_chkbox_data_id = cli_chkbox_elm.attr(‘data-id’); if (cli_chkbox_data_id != ‘checkbox-necessary’) { cli_chkbox_elm.prop(‘checked’, true); CLI_Cookie.set(‘cookielawinfo-‘ + cli_chkbox_data_id, ‘yes’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); } }); }, disableAllCookies: function() { jQuery(‘.cli-user-preference-checkbox’).each(function() { var cli_chkbox_elm = jQuery(this); var cli_chkbox_data_id = cli_chkbox_elm.attr(‘data-id’); cliCategorySlug = cli_chkbox_data_id.replace(‘checkbox-‘, ”); if (Cli_Data.strictlyEnabled.indexOf(cliCategorySlug) === -1) { cli_chkbox_elm.prop(‘checked’, false); CLI_Cookie.set(‘cookielawinfo-‘ + cli_chkbox_data_id, ‘no’, CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE); } }); }, privacyReadmore: function() { var originalHtml = ”; Trunc = { addReadmore: function(textBlock) { if (textBlock.html().length > Cli_Data.privacy_length) { jQuery(‘.cli-privacy-readmore’).show(); } else { jQuery(‘.cli-privacy-readmore’).hide(); } }, truncateText: function(textBlock) { var strippedText = jQuery(‘<div />’).html(textBlock.html()); strippedText.find(‘table’).remove(); textBlock.html(strippedText.html()); currentText = textBlock.text(); if (currentText.trim().length > Cli_Data.privacy_length) { var newStr = currentText.substring(0, Cli_Data.privacy_length); textBlock.empty().html(newStr).append(‘…’); } }, replaceText: function(textBlock, original) { return textBlock.html(original); } }; jQuery(‘.cli-privacy-content .cli-privacy-content-text’).each(function() { var el = jQuery(this); clone = el.clone(); originalHtml = clone.html(); Trunc.addReadmore(el); Trunc.truncateText(el); }); jQuery(document).on(‘click keypress’, ‘a.cli-privacy-readmore’, function(e) { var key = e.which; e.preventDefault(); if (key === 1 || key === 13) { var currentElement = jQuery(this); var privacyElement = currentElement.closest(‘.cli-privacy-overview’); var privacyContent = privacyElement.find(‘.cli-privacy-content-text’); if (privacyElement.hasClass(‘cli-collapsed’)) { Trunc.truncateText(privacyContent); privacyElement.removeClass(‘cli-collapsed’); privacyContent.css(‘height’, ‘100%’); } else { privacyElement.addClass(‘cli-collapsed’); Trunc.replaceText(privacyContent, originalHtml); } } }); }, checkCategories: function() { var cliAllowedCategories = []; var cli_categories = {}; jQuery(‘.cli-user-preference-checkbox’).each(function() { var status = false; cli_chkbox_elm = jQuery(this); cli_chkbox_data_id = cli_chkbox_elm.attr(‘data-id’); cli_chkbox_data_id = cli_chkbox_data_id.replace(‘checkbox-‘, ”); cli_chkbox_data_id_trimmed = cli_chkbox_data_id.replace(‘-‘, ‘_’) if (jQuery(cli_chkbox_elm).is(‘:checked’)) { status = true; cliAllowedCategories.push(cli_chkbox_data_id); } cli_categories[cli_chkbox_data_id_trimmed] = status; }); CLI.allowedCategories = cliAllowedCategories; CLI.consent = cli_categories; }, cookieLawInfoRunCallBacks: function() { this.checkCategories(); if (CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME) == ‘yes’) { if (“function” == typeof CookieLawInfo_Accept_Callback) { CookieLawInfo_Accept_Callback(); } } }, addStyleAttribute: function() { var bar = this.bar_elm; var styleClass = ”; if (jQuery(bar).find(‘.cli-bar-container’).length > 0) { styleClass = jQuery(‘.cli-bar-container’).attr(‘class’); styleClass = jQuery.trim(styleClass.replace(‘cli-bar-container’, ”)); jQuery(bar).attr(‘data-cli-style’, styleClass); } }, getParameterByName: function(name, url) { if (!url) url = window.location.href; name = name.replace(/[\[\]]/g, ‘\\$&’); var regex = new RegExp(‘[?&]’ + name + ‘(=([^&&#;]*)|&|#|$)’), results = regex.exec(url); if (!results) return null; if (!results[2]) return ”; return decodeURIComponent(results[2].replace(/\+/g, ‘ ‘)); }, acceptPageNavigation: function() { if (Boolean(this.settings.accept_close_page_navigation) === true && !CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME)) { jQuery(document).on(‘click’, ‘a’, function() { var href = jQuery(this).attr(‘href’); if (href !== undefined) { CLI.close_header(); } }); } }, refocusElement: function() { if (this.banner_heading.length > 0) { this.banner_heading.focus(); } else { this.bar_elm.find(‘a’).first().focus(); } } } var cliBlocker = { blockingStatus: true, geoIP: false, scriptsLoaded: false, ccpaEnabled: false, ccpaRegionBased: false, ccpaApplicable: false, ccpaBarEnabled: false, cliShowBar: true, isBypassEnabled: CLI.getParameterByName(‘cli_bypass’), checkPluginStatus: function(callbackA, callbackB) { cliBlocker.ccpaEnabled = Boolean(Cli_Data.ccpaEnabled); cliBlocker.ccpaRegionBased = Boolean(Cli_Data.ccpaRegionBased); cliBlocker.ccpaBarEnabled = Boolean(Cli_Data.ccpaBarEnabled); if (cliBlocker.ccpaEnabled === true) { cliBlocker.ccpaApplicable = true; if (Cli_Data.ccpaType === ‘ccpa’) { cliBlocker.blockingStatus = false; cliBlocker.cliShowBar = false; if (cliBlocker.ccpaBarEnabled === true) { cliBlocker.cliShowBar = true; cliBlocker.blockingStatus = true; } } } if (Cli_Data.geoIP === ‘enabled’ || (cliBlocker.ccpaEnabled === true && cliBlocker.ccpaRegionBased === true)) { if (Boolean(Cli_Data.use_custom_geolocation_api) === true) { cliBlocker.tryCustomGeoLocationService(callbackA, callbackB); } else { jQuery.getJSON(‘https://ipapi.co/json/’, function(data) { cliBlocker.geolocationHandler(data, callbackA, callbackB); }).fail(function() { cliBlocker.tryCustomGeoLocationService(callbackA, callbackB); }); } } else { if (cliBlocker.isBypassEnabled === “1”) { cliBlocker.blockingStatus = false; } callbackA(); callbackB(); } }, tryCustomGeoLocationService: function(callbackA, callbackB) { jQuery.getJSON(Cli_Data.custom_geolocation_api, function(data) { cliBlocker.geolocationHandler(data, callbackA, callbackB); }); }, geolocationHandler: function(data, callbackA, callbackB) { var euCountries = Cli_Data.eu_countries; if ((data.in_eu === false) && (euCountries.indexOf(data.country) === -1)) { if (Cli_Data.geoIP === ‘enabled’) { cliBlocker.blockingStatus = false; cliBlocker.cliShowBar = false; } else { if (Cli_Data.ccpaType !== ‘ccpa’) { cliBlocker.blockingStatus = true; cliBlocker.cliShowBar = true; } } } else { jQuery(‘body’).addClass(‘wt-cli-geoip-on wt-cli-eu-country’); } if (cliBlocker.ccpaEnabled === true) { if (cliBlocker.ccpaRegionBased === true && data.region_code !== ‘CA’) { cliBlocker.ccpaApplicable = false; if (Cli_Data.ccpaType === ‘ccpa’) { cliBlocker.cliShowBar = false; cliBlocker.blockingStatus = false; } jQuery(‘.wt-cli-ccpa-opt-out,.wt-cli-ccpa-checkbox,.wt-cli-ccpa-element’).remove(); } else { cliBlocker.ccpaApplicable = true; if (cliBlocker.ccpaBarEnabled === true) { cliBlocker.cliShowBar = true; } } } if (cliBlocker.blockingStatus === false) { if (“function” == typeof CookieLawInfo_Accept_Callback) { CookieLawInfo_Accept_Callback(); } jQuery(‘body’).addClass(‘wt-cli-geoip-on wt-cli-non-eu-country’); CLI.hidePopupOverlay(); if (cliBlocker.ccpaApplicable !== true) { cliBlocker.removeAllPreferenceCookies(); jQuery(‘.wt-cli-geoip-on.wt-cli-non-eu-country’).find(‘.wt-cli-element’).remove(); } } callbackA(); callbackB(); }, cookieBar: function() { if (cliBlocker.cliShowBar === false) { jQuery(‘.wt-cli-cookie-bar-container’).remove(); } else { jQuery(‘.wt-cli-cookie-bar-container’).show(); if (!CLI_Cookie.exists(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME)) { CLI.displayHeader(); } else { CLI.hideHeader(); } } }, removeAllPreferenceCookies: function() { cliPreferenceCookies = Cli_Data.cookielist; for (var key in cliPreferenceCookies) { CLI_Cookie.erase(‘cookielawinfo-checkbox-‘ + key); } }, removeCookieByCategory: function() { if (cliBlocker.blockingStatus === true) { if (CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME) !== null) { var non_necessary_cookies = Cli_Data.non_necessary_cookies; for (var key in non_necessary_cookies) { currentCategory = key; if (CLI.allowedCategories.indexOf(currentCategory) === -1) { var nonNecessaryCookies = non_necessary_cookies[currentCategory]; for (var i = 0; i < nonNecessaryCookies.length; i++) { if (CLI_Cookie.read(nonNecessaryCookies[i]) !== null) { CLI_Cookie.erase(nonNecessaryCookies[i]); } } } } } } }, runScripts: function() { srcReplaceableElms = [‘iframe’, ‘IFRAME’, ‘EMBED’, ’embed’, ‘OBJECT’, ‘object’, ‘IMG’, ‘img’, ‘SOURCE’, ‘source’]; var genericFuncs = { renderByElement: function(callback) { cliScriptFuncs.renderScripts(); cliHtmlElmFuncs.renderSrcElement(); callback(); cliBlocker.scriptsLoaded = true; }, reviewConsent: function() { jQuery(document).on(‘click’, ‘.cli_manage_current_consent,.wt-cli-manage-consent-link’, function() { CLI.bar_elm.slideDown(CLI.settings.animate_speed_show); }); } }; var cliScriptFuncs = { // trigger DOMContentLoaded scriptsDone: function() { if (Boolean(Cli_Data.triggerDomRefresh) === true) { var DOMContentLoadedEvent = document.createEvent(‘Event’) DOMContentLoadedEvent.initEvent(‘DOMContentLoaded’, true, true) window.document.dispatchEvent(DOMContentLoadedEvent) } }, seq: function(arr, callback, index) { // first call, without an index if (typeof index === ‘undefined’) { index = 0 } arr[index](function() { index++ if (index === arr.length) { callback() } else { cliScriptFuncs.seq(arr, callback, index) } }) }, /* script runner */ insertScript: function($script, callback) { var s = ”; var allowedAttributes = [ ‘data-cli-class’, ‘data-cli-label’, ‘data-cli-placeholder’, ‘data-cli-script-type’, ‘data-cli-src’ ]; var scriptType = $script.getAttribute(‘data-cli-script-type’); var elementPosition = $script.getAttribute(‘data-cli-element-position’); var isBlock = $script.getAttribute(‘data-cli-block’); var blockIfCCPA = $script.getAttribute(‘data-cli-block-if-ccpa-optout’); var s = document.createElement(‘script’); var ccpaOptedOut = cliBlocker.ccpaOptedOut(); s.type = ‘text/plain’; if ($script.async) { s.async = $script.async; } if ($script.defer) { s.defer = $script.defer; } if ($script.src) { s.onload = callback s.onerror = callback s.src = $script.src } else { s.textContent = $script.innerText } if ($script.hasAttribute(‘data-cli-id’)) { s.id = $script.getAttribute(‘data-cli-id’); } var attrs = jQuery($script).prop(“attributes”); for (var ii = 0; ii < attrs.length; ++ii) { if (attrs[ii].nodeName !== ‘id’) { s.setAttribute(attrs[ii].nodeName, attrs[ii].value); } } if (cliBlocker.blockingStatus === true) { if ((CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME) == ‘yes’ && CLI.allowedCategories.indexOf(scriptType) !== -1) || (CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME) == null && isBlock === ‘false’)) { s.setAttribute(‘data-cli-consent’, ‘accepted’); s.type = ‘text/javascript’; } if (Cli_Data.ccpaType === ‘ccpa’ && blockIfCCPA !== ‘true’) { s.type = ‘text/javascript’; } } else { s.type = ‘text/javascript’; } if (cliBlocker.ccpaApplicable === true && blockIfCCPA === ‘true’) { if (ccpaOptedOut === true || CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME) == null) { s.type = ‘text/plain’; } } if ($script.type != s.type) { $script.parentNode.insertBefore(s, $script); if (!$script.src) { callback() } $script.parentNode.removeChild($script); } else { callback(); } }, renderScripts: function() { var $scripts = document.querySelectorAll(‘script[data-cli-class=”cli-blocker-script”]’); if ($scripts.length > 0) { var runList = [] var typeAttr Array.prototype.forEach.call($scripts, function($script) { // only run script tags without the type attribute // or with a javascript mime attribute value typeAttr = $script.getAttribute(‘type’) var elmType = $script.tagName; runList.push(function(callback) { cliScriptFuncs.insertScript($script, callback) }) }) cliScriptFuncs.seq(runList, cliScriptFuncs.scriptsDone); } } }; var cliHtmlElmFuncs = { renderSrcElement: function() { var blockingElms = document.querySelectorAll(‘[data-cli-class=”cli-blocker-script”]’); var ccpaOptedOut = cliBlocker.ccpaOptedOut(); for (var i = 0; i < blockingElms.length; i++) { var currentElm = blockingElms[i]; var elmType = currentElm.tagName; if (srcReplaceableElms.indexOf(elmType) !== -1) { var elmCategory = currentElm.getAttribute(‘data-cli-script-type’); var isBlock = currentElm.getAttribute(‘data-cli-block’); var blockIfCCPA = currentElm.getAttribute(‘data-cli-block-if-ccpa-optout’); if (cliBlocker.blockingStatus === true) { if ((CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME) == ‘yes’ && CLI.allowedCategories.indexOf(elmCategory) !== -1) || (CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME) == null && isBlock === ‘false’)) { if (cliBlocker.ccpaApplicable == true && blockIfCCPA === ‘true’ && ccpaOptedOut === true) { this.addPlaceholder(currentElm); } else { this.replaceSrc(currentElm); } } else { if (Cli_Data.ccpaType === ‘ccpa’ && blockIfCCPA !== ‘true’) { this.replaceSrc(currentElm); } else { this.addPlaceholder(currentElm); } } } else { if (cliBlocker.ccpaApplicable == true && blockIfCCPA === ‘true’) { if (ccpaOptedOut === true || CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_NAME) == null) { this.addPlaceholder(currentElm); } else { this.replaceSrc(currentElm); } } else { this.replaceSrc(currentElm); } } } } }, addPlaceholder: function(htmlElm) { if (jQuery(htmlElm).prev(‘.wt-cli-iframe-placeholder’).length === 0) { var htmlElemName = htmlElm.getAttribute(‘data-cli-label’); var htmlElemType = htmlElm.getAttribute(‘data-cli-placeholder’); var htmlElemWidth = htmlElm.getAttribute(‘width’); var htmlElemHeight = htmlElm.getAttribute(‘height’); if (htmlElemWidth == null) { htmlElemWidth = htmlElm.offsetWidth; } if (htmlElemHeight == null) { htmlElemHeight = htmlElm.offsetHeight; } pixelPattern = /px/; htmlElemWidth = ((pixelPattern.test(htmlElemWidth)) ? htmlElemWidth : htmlElemWidth + ‘px’); htmlElemHeight = ((pixelPattern.test(htmlElemHeight)) ? htmlElemHeight : htmlElemHeight + ‘px’); var addPlaceholder = ‘<div style=”width:’ + htmlElemWidth + ‘; height:’ + htmlElemHeight + ‘;” class=”wt-cli-iframe-placeholder”><div class=”wt-cli-inner-text”>’ + htmlElemType + ‘</div></div>’; addPlaceholder.width = htmlElemWidth; addPlaceholder.height = htmlElemHeight; if (htmlElm.tagName !== ‘IMG’) { jQuery(addPlaceholder).insertBefore(htmlElm); } htmlElm.removeAttribute(‘src’); htmlElm.style.display = ‘none’; } }, replaceSrc: function(htmlElm) { if (!htmlElm.hasAttribute(‘src’)) { var htmlElemSrc = htmlElm.getAttribute(‘data-cli-src’); htmlElm.setAttribute(‘src’, htmlElemSrc); if (jQuery(htmlElm).prev(‘.wt-cli-iframe-placeholder’).length > 0) { jQuery(htmlElm).prev(‘.wt-cli-iframe-placeholder’).remove(); } htmlElm.style.display = ‘block’; } } }; genericFuncs.reviewConsent(); genericFuncs.renderByElement(cliBlocker.removeCookieByCategory); }, ccpaOptedOut: function() { var ccpaOptedOut = false; var preferenceCookie = CLI_Cookie.read(CLI_PREFERNCE_COOKIE); if (preferenceCookie !== null) { if (CLI.isBase64(preferenceCookie)) { cliConsent = window.atob(preferenceCookie); } else { cliConsent = decodeURIComponent(preferenceCookie); } cliConsent = JSON.parse(cliConsent); if (typeof cliConsent.ccpaOptout !== ‘undefined’) { ccpaOptedOut = cliConsent.ccpaOptout; } } return ccpaOptedOut; } } jQuery(document).ready(function() { if (typeof cli_cookiebar_settings != ‘undefined’) { CLI.set({ settings: cli_cookiebar_settings }); cliBlocker.checkPluginStatus(cliBlocker.cookieBar, cliBlocker.runScripts); } else { var data = { action: ‘cli_get_settings_json’, }; jQuery.ajax({ url: Cli_Data.ajax_url, data: data, dataType: ‘json’, type: ‘GET’, success: function(response) { CLI.set({ settings: response }); cliBlocker.checkPluginStatus(cliBlocker.cookieBar, cliBlocker.runScripts); } }); } }); </script><br />
